The wind took 's Blog - Windows Live

CASIO G-SHOCK watch battery replacement process. .


Shawn。.ren@gmail。.com。.


2007-8-26. .


Process:.


Clean table, a small Phillips screwdriver, a needle, a small word screwdriver. .


Procedure:.


Watch both sides can see a total of six screws, remove the. Rubber pad can be won. .


In the back of the table can see four screws, remove it.


Where the arrow on both sides with a sharp needle is pressed, the side of the metal shell Panasonic. .


Remove the metal shell to see two screws, remove it.


After the metal shell on the loose, and to win. .


You can see the black rubber pad, it opens. (Note the black arrow means small spring, do not lost).


You can see the battery, and choose to open the shell with a needle. .


You can replace the battery.


Reverse operation can watch recovery, you're done. .


2007-08-03, 9 am-wanquan inspection car line.


1. 100 submitted first Jiaoqian original driving permit, receive an inspection car table. .


2. check out, open the front cover, frame number, etc..


3. . Enter the inspection car line, the car to detect exercise of their own in the back seat. .


4. remove test certificate (takes about 20 minutes), to the opposite of the exhaust gas test Hall formalities, pay $ 60.


5. . Into the exhaust gas detection line, the car to the test personnel. .


6. Once complete, the exit of the exhaust gas test line, leading certification fee of $ 10.


7. . To act in the hall inside the delivery room, so you have to test the form, required to submit copies of driving license and a copy of the original cross and rescue. .


8. to act in the hall outside the room all of the form to the staff, he will give you even a card, all detection is complete, 9: 38 pm.


Sharing Time 38 minutes (few people did not line up:). .


Required documents: driving license, driver's license, make a copy, along with emergency certificate.


Lean R & D to improve development efficiency. .


China lab ' ???release time ? ?2006-11-04 font: [small].


Recommended site. .


How to use the correct way to write high-quality software experience of 75.


1. . Your team to use source code management tool Why? . .


MVM: should be used. CVS, PVCS, VSS, ClearCase, CCC/Harvest, FireFly can be. My choice is the VSS.


2. . Your team using the defect management system put into effect? . .


MVM: should be used. ClearQuest is too complicated, my recommendation is to BugZilla.


3. . Your test group still use Word to write test cases What? . .


MVM: do not use Word to write test cases (Test Case). Should use a dedicated system, which can be one of the Test Manager, can also be developed a small .NET ASP. Web site. Main purpose is to Track and Browse.


4. . Your team has not established a portal? . .


MVM: a portal site that is used to put Contact Info, News, Schedule, Baselined. Recommended Sharepoint Portal Server 2003, 15 minutes. Buy SPS 2003 can use WSS (Windows Sharepoint Service).


5. . Your team you can buy with the best tools? . .


MVM: should be used as a good tool to work. For example, you should use VS. .NET instead of Notepad to write C #. Use Notepad to write programs are just a show off. But also taking into account, that's why I said "you can buy the best".


6. . Your programmers work in a quiet environment What? . .


MVM: the need for quiet environments. This point is extremely important, but also to guarantee everyone's space is greater than a certain size.


7. . Your staff everyone has a telephone What? . .


MVM: the need for each person a telephone. And preferably with message functionality. Of course, such a telephone with voice mail system overhead. But at least one telephone per person, don't make people stand up and shout: "xxx phone." The pieces "inside strongly condemns this practice.


8. . Each of you should know whom What went wrong? . .


MVM: should know. Any one Feature at least should have an Owner, of course, the Owner can continue to Dispatch to other people.


9. . You ever had someone say, "I thought ..." What? . .


MVM: to eliminate the "I thought." Never assume anything。.


10. . Your team all the people sitting with What? . .


MVM: needs. I am opposed to the Virtual Team, also opposed the Dev Test in the United States, this development in China. Can sit together on the best sit together, benefits and more joy.


11. . Does your schedule reflect the latest development progress? . .


MVM: should reflect. However, you should use the Baseline approach to managing schedule: maintaining a steady Schedule, and then maintain a copy of the latest changes. Baseline approach should also be used for other Spec. Baseline is the change management is an important tool.


12. . That your workload is to leave each person their own estimates Why? . .


MVM: should everyone's own estimate. To estimate from workload rather than assign from top to bottom. Unless there are other reasons, such as political task duration fixed, etc..


13. . Your developers from the inception of the project work overtime? . .


MVM: not to do so. Do not get tired at the beginning of the war. From the project outset overtime can only show the progress of your project. Of course, some software outsourcing and overtime every day, it must fall within the scope of exploitation.


14. . Your project plan Buffer Time is added to the back of each small task Why? . .


MVM: do not. Buffer Time is added to the back of each small task easily easily was consumed. Buffer Time to the entire paragraph added to a Milestone or the front of the checkpoint.


15. . Worth more time, from 95% to achieve 100% good. .


MVM: worth it, is very worthwhile. In particular, when a project is getting horses spent the late, should adhere to. This will give the product a qualitative difference.


16. . Registration of new defects, whether stated below the steps to reproduce? . .


MVM:. This belongs to the Dev and Test between the means of communication. Face-to-face communication needs, Repro Steps also fill in..


17. . To write new code to solve before the known defects will What? . .


MVM:. Each of the defects can not be more than 10 or 15, or you must first solve the old bug can continue to write new code.


18. . You have the defect of the priorities agreed in advance What? . .


MVM: there must be defined. Severity to points 1, 2, 3, agree: the blue screen and Data Lost count Sev 1, Error 2 Sev count Function, the interface is Sev 3. But this Convention can be appropriately according to the product quality is adjusted.


19. . You divided the defects of the three meetings with What? . .


MVM: must have. To have a clear decision-making process. This is similar to CCB (Change Control Board) concept.


20. . All the defects were registered by the last closed Why? . .


MVM: Bug should be shut down by the Opener. Dev cannot unilaterally closed Bug.


21. . You modify the old code programmers dislike What? . .


MVM: aversion is normal. The workaround is to organize Code Review, set aside time to individually. XP is also a method.


22. . You project group Team Morale Activity Why? . .


MVM: each month a, eat, sing, play ball, Outing, kart, etc., make sure that you have. Don't be left in the money.


23. . Your team have its own Logo What? . .


MVM: to have your own Logo. At the very least should have its own Codename.


24. . Your employees with company Logo for T-Shirt What? . .


MVM:. Enhance a sense of belonging. Of course, the T-Shirt will do some pretty, it's a good idea to use 80 branches of cotton. Don't wear time break.


25. . General Manager at least monthly to participate in sub-project group. .


MVM:. To let senior team member feel concerned about the project.


26. . You are to open a branch for each Dev What? . .


MVM: opposition. The management of the Branch and Merge workload is too big, and error-prone.


27. . It was a long time Why do not Check-In code? . .


MVM: No. For most projects, up to a couple of days should Check-In.


28. . In Check-In code annotated What are completed? . .


MVM: to write at least one or two words, such as "solved" .225 Bug No.. If you pull upwards, which are also considered to be "part of configuring the audit".


29. . Have not set a day deadline Check-In? . .


MVM: want to explicitly Check-In Deadline. Otherwise, the Build will Break.


30. . You can compile all the source code once installed files? . .


MVM:. This is a daily compilation (Daily Build). And must be able to make automatic.


31. . Your team to do a daily compilation Why? . .


MVM: of course you want to do. There are three things is a software project/product development: 1. bug management; 2。. source control; 3。. daily build。.


32. . Your company have accumulated a list of project risks? . .


MVM:. Risk Inventory。 Otherwise, the next time the project begins, you can only shoot in the head of the Risk.


33. . Designed as simple as possible. .


MVM: the simpler the better. When more than one word, the design of the future may bring endless troubles. Should from the outset the brave cut. This is called scope management.


34. . Make use of existing products, technology, code. .


MVM: don't own Coding anything. BizTalk and Sharepoint is the best example, both as a basis, the starting point could be improved a lot. Or you can use out-of-Control. Or try to use XML instead of their own to Parse a text file; as far as possible with RegExp instead of your own from scratch to manipulate strings, and so on and so on. This is the embodiment of software reuse ".


35. . You will be periodically stopped to consolidate the code Why? . .


MVM:. Best once a month or so. Rumors of last year's Windows group in order to stop Stevb over one month to enhance security. Btw, the word "RAM" study "hang", the first sound.


36. . Your team everyone wrote Daily Report What? . .


MVM: to write. Five minutes is enough, to write about 10 sentences, told his team of people today I did. One thing is to communicate with my (if idle for one day, he will be embarrassed to write).


37. . Your project manager will issue a Weekly Report What? . .


MVM:. For the purpose of communication. Includes current progress, and possible risks, the quality of, all kinds of work progress, etc..


38. . Your whole project team is meeting at least once a week? . .


MVM:. Be sure to attend the meeting. Programmers hate meetings, but the meeting time each week together should be at least 4 hours. Including team meeting, spec review meeting, meeting bug triage. Don't write code all stuffy head.


39. . Your project team to discuss What are records? . .


MVM: will request and before meeting agenda, someone responsible for chairing the meeting and record meeting minutes someone responsible for hair, these are the main points of effective meeting. Moreover, every meeting to form agreements and action items.


40. . Other departments know your team doing What? . .


MVM: Newsflash to send some to the entire great organizations. Show your team’s value。 Otherwise, when you sit down at the lift other departments asked: "what are you doing", you answer "ABC project", others completely unaware that the feeling is not very good.


41. . By Email for all official communication. .


MVM: Email is the benefit of that denial. But also to avoid overkill, the best method is to use the telephone and face to face, and then Email to confirm.


42. . For the project team set up multiple Mailing Group. .


MVM: If AD + Exchange, build Distribution List. For example, I will build Project Core Team ABC, ABC, ABC Project Dev Team Project All Project Testers, ABC Extended Team, and so on. To facilitate this launch, Email and allow the receipt of email received, not received not harassed.


43. . Everyone knows where to find all the documents What? . .


MVM: should everyone knows. This is called knowledge management (Knowledge Management). The most convenient is the document placed in a central File Share, a better approach is to use Sharepoint.


44. . You make a decision, make changes, tell you the reasons for the Why? . .


MVM: to tell you why. Empower team member is one of the means to provide enough information, this is the beginning of the MSF a few principles. This is the case, tell me why is human, tell me why you have understanding. Chinese people do things like get restricted, limiting the information that seems to be able to see a copy of the file it's deserted. Wrong. Authority, power, not therefore not be able to access information / data, was not in control of resources. .


45. Stay agile and expect change。.


MVM: to be so. Demand must become, and has written code will be asked to make changes. Get ready for change and not to resist, but expect change. .


46. Do you have dedicated software tester?.


MVM: be full-time test. If enough people can peer test, the exchange of the test. Do not test your own. .


47. Your test is a master plan to do and what to do?.


MVM: This is the Test Plan. Want it as performance testing? Otherwise do Usability Testing? When did you start testing performance? Tested by the criteria? What means, automatic or manual? These issues need to be answered with a Test Plan. .


48. You are the first to write a Test Case and then test?.


MVM: it should be. Design should first re-programming, re-testing the first test case. Of course, things are flexible. Sometimes I do the first pass the test in the same time fill the test case. As a further development of the first test case, I do not like, because not used to, too much trouble, as others recommend that try it anyway. .


49. Will you enter for a variety of combinations to create test cases?.


MVM: Do not, do not engage in boundary condition combinations. Beware of combinatorial explosion. There are many test case tools can automatically generate a combination of various boundary conditions - but make it clear that you have time to run so many test case. .


50. Your programmers can see test case?.


MVM: to. Dev Test Case to see it. We all have come together with one purpose: to increase the quality. .


51. Whether you grab some people to do usability testing?.


MVM: to do so. Write their own programs to see the interface, how to look is pleasing to the eye's. This is called Shenmeipilao - smelly after a time it also does not stink, and inconvenience of get used to permanent. .


52. Your automated testing expectations right?.


MVM: Do not expect too much. In my opinion, in addition to performance measurements, or for the time being forget the first "Auto test" and forget it WinRunner and LoadRunner. For the status of the domestic software testing, the only "righting a wrong to be over now," the. .


53. Your performance testing is waiting for all of the features and development is done for you?.


MVM: can not. Performance testing can not be attributed to the so-called "system testing" stage. Early correction of early testing, Zao Sizao heaven. .


54. Your attention to the effects of pesticides in testing?.


MVM: bug resistant, Bug, too. New Bug found less and less is normal. This time, the best people to exchange test area, or to use other tools and methods used to see, you will find a new bug. .


55. Your project teams, who can say the overall quality of the product's current circumstances?.


MVM: be. When the boss asked how the quality of this product now, Test Lead / Manager should be responsible to answer. .


56. Do you have a unit test?.


MVM: Unit testing must. But there is no unit test is not never, I did not unit test the project, also made successful - could be a fluke, perhaps we are all proficient in the relationship. Again, software engineering is very practical, very project, a very flexible set of methods, some methods in some cases better than the other way, and vice versa. .


57. Your programmer is finished code is thrown over the wall?.


MVM: taboo. After written a program, even if do not do unit testing, it should also run their own Xianpao 1. Even with dedicated testers, developers who do not can not do a little test. Microsoft also Test Release Document to say, the program suck, then test the right to kick back. .


58. Your program has all the functions? input checking.


MVM: Do not. Although to do is to write secure code input check points, but do not do too much input checking, some of the parameters between the internal functions do not need to check the input, and save some effort. By the same token, not all of the functions to give written comments. Enough to write the main part. .


59. Products of uniform error handling and debugging interface?.


MVM: be. Better to have a unified error message, and then each error message is with a error number. In this way, users can own error number according to the user manual to see which specific error description and possible causes, like SQL Server's error did. Similarly, ASP. . NET Exception should have a unified treatment. May refer to the Application Block. .


60. Do you have a unified code writing specifications?.


MVM: be. Code Convention lot of practice to issue a we will do. Of course, if there is such a tool to check the FxCop code better. .


61. Your everybody is aware of the significance of the project business?.


MVM: to. This is the meaning of Vision. Do not project only as work. Sometimes to think that he is in a certain industry information in China turned into a pioneer, or from time to time to tell team member, this project can save a certain number of a number of departments in each country of millions of taxpayer dollars, so there Power up. Ordinary things, can have a lofty goal. .


62. Products in various parts of the interface and operating practices consistent?.


MVM: to be so. Make the user feel like the whole process is written as a person. .


63. There can be a Cool Feature of the promotional spot?.


MVM: to. This is to strengthen team cohesion, confidence. Moreover, "a cover 100 Jun ugly", there are bright spots can cover up some problems. In this way, the customers will feel products, or acceptable from a quality point of view of. Or, cool feature or highlight quality problems as an ex post facto remedies. .


64. As far as possible reduce the startup time.


MVM: to be so. Software start time (Start-Up time) is the customer's first impression on the performance of good and bad. .


65. It's not too focused on the inherent quality of the first external impression.


MVM: programmers easily make this mistake: too much focus on performance, stability, storage efficiency, but ignore the external experience. And senior managers, customers on the contrary. To balance these two aspects, coordination of these is the PM's work. .


66. Detailed product features according to your instructions do development?.


MVM: to be so. Design can be developed, it is necessary. Design documents, should make it clear how the product will run a story should be taken way. Do not drill when the design details, do not drill into the database, the code inside to the concrete realization of such, those are the things behind, step by step to not worry. .


67. Start development and testing before everyone carefully review feature design?.


MVM: do. Function Spec review is for unity of thought. Moreover, review Guo formed after the agreement, the future can no longer say, "You see, when I was opposed to such a Sheji's, Xianzai into trouble the bar". .


68. Everyone always thinks about The Whole Image?.


MVM: to be so. Although each project which are only in the manufacture of a leaf, but everyone should know where in the manufacture of the patch of leaves is how the tree looks like. I am against software blue collar, against excessive manufacturing as the software line, workshop. See Article 61. .


69. Dev work is purely vertical or horizontal?.


MVM: not simply divided according to functional modules, or just under the presentation layer, middle layer, database layer points. I recommend doing so: first, under the sub-function modules, and each "layer" has a Owner to Review all design and code, to ensure consistency. .


70. Your programmers programming documentation?.


MVM: to. But I heard that Microsoft's programmers do not write before 1999. So, writing is not writing is not absolute, lazy sometimes also possible. See Article 56. .


71. You have the interview and let him write programs?.


MVM: want. I like people to do the string and the subject of a class list. This title has a lot of cycling, judge, pointers, recursion and so on, neither too biased test algorithm, specific test is not too biased API. .


72. Do you have a technical communication seminar?.


MVM: want. Every two weeks, go for a house or Chalk Talk Tech Talk it. Allow group members to share technical ideas between, this cost-effective to spend money sent abroad to train. .


73. Your programmers can focus on one thing?.


MVM: let the programmers focus on one thing. For example, a department had two projects and 10 individuals, a method is to let 10 people also participated in two projects, each project that everyone spend 50% of the time; Another way is to go to item 5 persons A, 5 individuals to project B, everyone is 100% in one project. I will choose the latter. The reason many people understand, but put into practice many of its leaders as to any split of the resources. .


74. Your programmers can exaggerate a necessary time?.


MVM: Yes, this is common, especially late in the project will be exaggerated by the need to do a change of time, inferior race to resist change. The solution is to sit down Manman Mo, worn programmer rebel and to analyze and to estimate the time of the particle size becomes smaller. .


75. Try not to use the Virtual Heads.


MVM: best not to use the Virtual Heads. Virtual heads means the resource is not secure, shared resource will reduce the efficiency of the resource, easy to increase the chance of error, make one mind who do not have much time to review spec, review design. A dedicated person, stronger than the two can only invest 50% of the time and energy to people.I suffered losses of ? 7 a part time of tester, find bugs and do, add up to less than two full-time. See section 73. 73 article is targeted at programmers, 75 is a Resource Manager. Gentleman said: you have not learn. From green, blue, blue, ice, water and cold water. Wood straight lines, in that round, rou music in the 1950s, although there had been a dead storm, not quite, but also the rou. It is straight wood affected by rope, straightness, gentleman's erudition and day care has joined the province, you know that while the line too. And do not climb mountains, I do not know day high also; not a deep river, I do not know in the thick too; not heard kings of the last words, I wonder if knowledge of the great also. Dry, Vietnam, Yi, raccoon son, born one voice, long customs vary, the course also taught to make. Poem says: "rude Seoul gentleman, without Heng interest. Quietly, good integrity. God listen to it, refer Seoul Gyeongbokgung." God is greater than that of Road, Fumo no longer evil. .


Gentleman said: learning is not to stop. Indigo is extracted from the blue grass and blue than the color of grass but also green; ice that is formed by the freezing of water, but also cold than water. Wood straight, in line with the verticle lines (if) it curved confit into wheels, (then) timber camber () in line with the standards of the circle, and even then died, (wood) or straight, because after processing, so that it becomes so. Therefore, the amount of wood had been able to get ink lines straight, swords and other metal products, over the sharpening stone on the ground can become sharp, gentlemen extensive study and reflect on his daily inspection, he would more than clever intellect, but do not act there fault. So, do not board the mountains, on the days I do not know how high; not face Shen Jian, do not know how thick manner; do not know the first emperor of the teachings do not know the breadth of knowledge. Dry, Vietnam, Yi, raccoon person, just born crying voice is the same, but did not grow up the same customs, which is education makes it so. "Poetry", said: "You gentlemen ah, do not always think of comfort.Serious about your posts, like honest virtues. The gods hear all this, will give you great happiness. "There is no spiritual self-cultivation than by-demic infection greater moral, and hath no has trouble in the longer term.


I try all day and thinking men, and as spirit is of the school also. I taste the foot with six toes and looking men, and as Climbing Hiromi also. Climb and move the arm is also non-extended, and see those far away; the wind calls, sound is also non-plus disease, and told of Akira. Fake yu Ma, non-profit foot has an extent which rendered thousands of miles; false Boating, non-energy water also, but never rivers. Different with a gentleman of Health, the good thing is also false in. .


I've been thinking all day, (but) not as a moment of knowledge (much); I used to stand on tiptoe, (but) not climb to the heights look great. Climb to the heights, arm not longer than the original, but others also saw in the distance; down the wind, there is no greater than the original sound, but listeners hear very clearly. With the carriage of persons, not feet go fast, but can be away, with the boat, and not be able to dive, but you can cross the River. Gentleman's nature is no different from ordinary people, (just the gentleman) good with foreign objects in it.


Yan birds the south, it is called Monte dove to feather the nest, and compiled them with hair, Department of reed sweet potato, sweet potato wind to break, break eggs son died. Finish is also non-nest, the Department of natural persons also. Western Wood Yan, named Shegan, stem length four inches, was born in mountains above, and Pro 100 yards of deep, non-energy wood stems are long, the course is standing too. Punta Health Ma, do not help and straight; white sand in the Line, with all black. Lan Chih-Huai is the root of its gradually the water in which rice was boiled, the gentleman does not close, and ordinary people dissatisfied. The quality's not that the U.S. has, however those who are getting too. So a gentleman must choose rural residence, travel will be on disability, so prevention Xiepi the near Chiang Kai-shek also. .


The South there is a call "Wren" birds of a feather, braided, nesting, soft Reed, the wind will fall, all fall rotten eggs. Is not a good nest nobody, but not the line above in the reeds. The West has called a "shot" of grass, only four inches high, but can see a hundred miles, not grass can grow taller, but because it grows in the top of the mountain. Pont grass in Tei, support will be in a position to stand up, the Baisha snuck into the black, no longer turned white, and blue Samuel root called a fragrant, smelly immersion in water, however, the gentleman down people away from and not AI does not in itself, but rather are immersed. So choose a good living environment for gentlemen, friends to choose a man of character, be able to forestall ensure its integrity and moderation. .


Material category, will be started. Honor and dishonor, like his virtue. Meat, fish rot insect eye health beetles. Always remember, misery is. Hardline, Sophie has bundles. Evil dirty, complaining of the structure. Shi paid if a fire dryness also leveled to 1, the water is wet. Plants and animal health, the domain group, for their kind. Therefore the quality of the piece, and bow to the vector editors; wood, and hammer Jin Mao to Yan; fruits and all the birds of interest. Acid, and command them together. It has also made zhaohuo with Dr. degrading, also be watchful!.


Things happens for a cause, and honor the arrival of the corresponding virtue also. Raw meat maggots rot, wood rot of the protozoa, forget life will be Zhao Huo criteria. Too hard objects easy to break, too weak and the will itself bound, and the poor people will be attracted resentment, of dry flammable, low-lying wet easily, thorn, wild animals in groups, all tailor-class together. Therefore, the target will be set up to shoot bows and arrows, trees become a forest will lead to long felling ax, lush shade trees Birds will come and lodging, will be attracted vinegar sour mosquito, it may Zhaohuo speech, behavior be humiliated, the gentleman can not but be cautious and interaction with others. .


Accumulated soil mountains and rain-water into how; Yuan, Dragon fruit Yan; virtues, and the preparation of the gods, sacred heart. It is not so, no kui 1000 miles in Vim. One cannot ten steps; Hay travels 10 driving,. Opportunities but do not fold the PEP. Yin no claws, bones and tendons, on food drink under the soil, Daniel sannou Festival, one also. Crab claws and eight knelt, non-snake shan Caverns of the sustenance, carefully avoiding it. It is therefore not unusual is the ambition of having visible; no hun hun thing, no hehe. Line-not Qu road, two late emperors were well-served events. Not two, as the next head, ears can not two but Cong. Tengyi not enough to fly, Wu five technology and poor mouse. Poetry said: "dead pigeon in the San, his son seven Xi. Yohito gentleman, the Xi-yi. The instrument of a fortune, heart, such as node Xi." Therefore, knot was also a gentleman. .


Stacked stone into the mountains, wind and rain on the rise; from here the water flow into the abyss of meeting, the dragon has produced from here; the accumulation of good habit of noble character, then you will reach a high degree of wisdom, and also has the Saints in the spiritual realm. So there is no accumulation step half step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles; no accumulation of small streams, there is no way into rivers and the sea. Horse a leap, but also less than 10 steps away; poor horse-drawn cart away ten days (also can be so far away), and its success lies in the fact that went. (If) engraved with a few stopped, the (then) moment the rotten wood also. (If you) keep inscribed down, (then) stone carving can be successful. Earthworm no sharp claws and teeth, bones and muscles strong bond, but it can eat up the soil, down to drink spring water, which is due to its specificity ah heart. Crabs have eight legs, two large claws, (but) if there is no snake, significantly less than it has nowhere to take shelter in caves, because it is impetuous heart ah. So do not assiduously openness of mind to learn there will be no significant results; do not practice hard, cause there will be no great achievement. Walking in the wrong not reach the destination at the same time serve two sovereign people, the two sides will not tolerate him.Eyes cannot see two things but understand that ear cannot hear two voices and listen carefully. Teng snake without feet but flying, shi mouse has five skills but still there is no way to survive. The poem "said:" the cuckoo nest in mulberry, feeding seven chicks can also be ordered. Kind gentleman who acts to single-minded not evil. Behavior is not specific; will be as a rock. "So the man of honor will be steadfast loyalty.


Once upon a gourd Pakistan zither, and the flow of fish out of hearing; Boya Gu Qin, Yang Mo and six horses. Therefore, small and not heard no sound, no-hidden but not shape. Jade Run in the mountains and vegetation, deep cliff Health beads and fresh. Do not plot evil is good, security has not told of peace! . .


Ancient PA-Sarai, climate and water in the fish surfaced also listen to the teeth, the horse will stop food looked rather listen. So the sound is weak and not be heard, the behavior does not occur because the secret. Jade Mountain, buried in the greenery is nourishing, Pearl of falling into the abyss, cliff coast would not have dried up. Everyone can accumulate, which has the virtues and not widely told!.


Bi before school? Bi end? Said: their number is almost reciting the beginning, and finally almost time gift; its meaning is almost as persons before finally almost a saint. Genuine and long are into. Then learn to not only have almost. Therefore, there is finally learning a few, not even for a moment if the meaning of the house too. Whom people, homes of the creatures are. Books by those political affairs of the century also; poetry, the sound of the stop also; ceremony were French large fortune, kind of discipline too. So learn to almost ritual understand. That is why it is very moral. Ceremony of the King Wen also, among the music and also, poetry and literature of Bo also, the micro-spring also, between heaven and earth were completed in the carry on. .


Learn how should we start from the end of the HO? a: according to its means, you should start from shangshu "to the end of the ceremony"; its sense, starting from doing to become a Saint who came to an end. Long-term accumulation in order to explore the mysteries and learn the death could have been. So although there is a tutorial, but ahead of the end of desire but not for their efforts. Life just as the man eager to learn, otherwise they and the beast He Yi? "Book of History" is a record of political affairs; "The Book of Songs" is the voice of the blame; "Li Jing" is the premise of the rule of law, regulations of the master, so to learn "ceremony by the" regarded graduate, can meet the moral peak. "Ceremony by" respect for etiquette, "The Book of Songs," "Book of" broad and wide, "Spring" implicit meanings, which has asked all universities between heaven and earth cover them up. .


Also a man of science, into the ear, it seems, cloth is well-versed in type. End, ruan, one can circulate. The villain of the ear, enters it also came as a surprise to the mouth; word of mouth, the four inch ear, GE to us his seven feet! self-improvement nowadays. Also a man of science, its body; learning that bird calf. It must be that, while the second question is called zan. Proud, no, zan, non-noble as well; the truth.


Gentleman's study, listen to the ears, in mind. Devoted all efforts, expressed in words and deeds, even the very fine words and deeds, can offer as an example to others. Learning is the villain from the mouth out from the ears, but four inches away from it, how to perfect his seven feet of flooding in it? Ancient learning is its own needs, to learn now is just to show off to others. Gentleman is to improve self-learning, learning is to show off and bad people grandstanding.Therefore, nobody is asking you to teach others called the impetuous; a second is called wordy; impetuous wordy is wrong, the gentleman and answer should be like the cliff and echo, but not too much, just enough.


Mo will learn almost near its people. Ritual law and not that it is not all poetry and literature, rather than speed around the Spring and Autumn. Side the people of the study, said gentlemen, is respect to all over the men, and weeks known to the world carry on. Hence it is said: Mo will learn almost near its people. .


Learning mentors are closer and more convenient. The ceremony of the music by law statutes but slightly too sparse; the book of the "simple but well away from reality; but the Chunqiu" briefly detailed enough; follow the mentors learning both noble gentleman scholar, yet comprehensive, you can access world. So learning nothing close to mentors and more convenient.


After learning of the Mo-speed preparations in their people, rites and followed. Good of its people can not, under no rites, Andersson will learn Miscellanies Chi, Shun poetry and ears only. In the end of the world poor, it can not help but to humble Confucianism. The former king, the righteousness, the gift is its latitude and longitude creative writing also. If the pull out fur collar, Qu fingers and Dayton of, along those innumerable too. Tao Li is not the constitution, to whom poetry and literature, give an example of the river are still in that measure to Ge Chung millet also to taper pot meal also can not get the carry on. Therefore, rites, though not clear, law persons are; no rites, although the police argue, Confucianism is also scattered. .


Revered teacher is the most convenient way to learn, and to a lesser extent, that is advocating etiquette. If not sung, not Sean, just read some zashu, explain the book of the law and the like, then at an own uneducated feelings of scholars. To poor root of Sage wisdom and benevolence, only to learn etiquette. Just like the collar of lifting the skin robe, with a finger brush coat as logical. If you're not into the ritual, the book of the law to do things, like the fingers to measure water, GE spear at millet, like using the awl pierced bronze is thankless. Therefore, advocating ritual, even if not thorough, can be considered disabilities etiquette; not yet etiquette, even if intelligent eloquence, it was no ordinary scholar uninhibited loose it. .


Ask ku, don't be too; Gloucester Ku, don't ask; ku, hear it. There is a clear, don't argue with. It will consist of the road and then on the road; the refuge. The ceremony, then the party can and hung; speech, then can be hung to reason; color when hung! It is not to say, that proud; and not to say, that the concept of privacy; not that the school is complexion. It is not proud, not hidden, not the school, I let it. Poem: "they had to be broken, the emperor. "This is it.


If someone came to ask you a matter of sub-rites, not Dali; come to a matter of communication sub-rites, do not ask; sub ceremony in front of you comment on a matter of law, not to participate; attitude savage, do not dispute with him. Therefore, it must be a standard line Road, only to give courtesy; do not follow the Road standards, avoid him; Therefore, respectful and courteous in order to talk with the purpose of Road; the words cis people, be with On the Road content; a significant induction of persons, can be addressed with extreme deep Road.Therefore, to not talk to talk, it can be called with the impetuous; and talk about God and Lord; no other response only talk talk called blind. Therefore, the gentleman is not impetuous, and do not neglect the blind, to caution everyone to come to for advice. The book says: "not impetuous not slack is the son of the grateful. "Mean this thing.


100 hair loss a less than that Shanshe; miles Kui step is not to less than that Shan Yu; ethics class is bad, virtue and varied enough that the good school. Studies are also those of the also learn a solid. 1 Yan, an entry Yan, James Lane of the people; the good and small, inefficient and more, Jie Zhou Dao Zhi also; all the best of, then scholars. .


Shoot out of 100 arrow in an target not without good shot; from controlling the chariot only half a step is stopped, it cannot be regarded as good driving; on all types of things can not be holistic, adhered to for humanity cannot, of course, as one cannot be regarded as goodness. This is a great need to concentrate to learn by things, was stopped for a while it was a small talent make low-level errors. James lane in the middle of the good, the bad, precision machinery, Zhou, extension is to belong to this type of person, able to thoroughly master knowledge, before a scholar.


Incomplete knowledge is not pure gentleman husband of the U.S. has not, so recite a few consistent, thought to pass of its people to Department and, in addition to its support of victims to hold. Is no desire to see non-project also, so there is no express freely their opinion non-mouth also, is no desire to consider non-heart also. Up the cause of too good, good of the colored head, the ears of five good sound, good mouth the flavors, the heart benefits of a world. Therefore in the right can not dump too, people can move also, the world can not swing too. Students almost from the is almost died from the that is why it is that the German speaking. German Exercises and can be, can be then be able to be. To be able to be, is why it is that adult. Days reflected in its clear, in reflected light, the gentleman you have it all. .


We already know that learning is not complete without the perfect finish will not be considered, therefore, commonly used to reading and interpreting and using reflection and exploration to understand, seek to grasp the college friends and thus exclude all interference to devote themselves to practice. Make the eye no longer see the ear no longer hears, and not the mouth no longer hear, that said, the heart is no longer wanted to not want to completely addicted to learning is the ideal situation. As with good eyes, ears and five colors, good-flavored mouth, own just thinking about how to benefit the world. If it reaches such a degree, then the right desires in front of you will have no evil thoughts, mass will not yield to you, all the world can not shake your faith. Is so alive, to die the same. This is called virtuous, had integrity. Of virtue and integrity, can be determined, there is firm before they can act according to circumstances. Can be determined and resourceful, that is, a perfect life. Then God will show you it's bright, the earth will show you its wide gentleman should cherish the most is their perfect virtue. .


Politics on the whereabouts of the minority.


Sulfur soap. .


So it seems, of ethnic minorities, have disappeared, but because of the integration between the results of the cross absorb tell me no one family is pure, especially Han, almost all ethnic fusion of melting pot.


China is a multi-ethnic country, a total of 56 nationalities, of which the largest number of Han Chinese, a relatively small number of other ethnic groups, traditionally known as the "minority." According to historical records, ancient Chinese at least more than 160 nationalities, of which the famous are Huns, Qiang, Tiele, Rouran, Uighur, Turkic, Land, party items, Khitan, Jurchen and other nationalities, the vast majority do not Among the existing 56 communities.These ancient famous dynasties in the minority, or to establish, or harmonization mobei, yelling at the maximum winds, and now they are in? disappeared from history, or to go up? let us look their whereabouts.


First of all, said Hun, Hun Yin rise in the Loop area, from the Warring States is Mobei since the Han, control strings 300,000, threatening Qin Handi north of the country, the famous Great Wall is to defense the Hun's intrusion and construction of the. Qin Handi whole force of the country, both hard and soft, or with pro-flak, or pass off his right arm, the Western Regions, or the adoption of active attacks, in-depth desert; finally weakened the Hun forces. Eastern Han dynasty, divided into north and south Hun Hun; South Hsiungnu clique are surrendering the Han Dynasty, more than 20 Peoples placed this Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Shaanxi in the north and eastern areas of Gansu, the Han empire Shoubian. .


The late Eastern Han dynasty, their further migration to Shanxi fenshui River Valley area, with the Han Chinese population. Cao Wei's era, the Huns Buzhong is indexed in the County, and just get to households, and integration into Han Korea Peninsula. China's first acts was the leader of the Huns, Liu Han Chinese from his surname name Liu "," life ", he has worked with Hans. North Hun army in the Han Empire, under the attack part of the Chanyu led by the North, West moved to Ili area, then moved west and Eastern Europe, is the fourth century, the Huns appeared in Europe (Huns) ancestors, who in the Danube River the establishment of the Kingdom of the Huns, their king Attila (Attila) is known as "God's whip" has Huijun attack Rome. .


This branch of the Huns were later integrated into the vicinity of the indigenous in Hungary. By mobei Huns, it is estimated that approximately 40% of the total population of Huns, joined the emerging Xianbei, become a member of Xianbei. In short, the Huns, the South and the Han Chinese population, join Han, stay at mobei join Xianbei, become a member of the Eastern European peoples, from the stage of history.


On behalf of the sky of Mobei Hun nation Xianbei, the rise of this Daxing'anling Xianbei Xianbei mountain, and later moved south Hulunbuir prairie. They accept the protection offered by the Han empire, force attack North Hun; North Hun collapse westward, Xianbei stead to attract Hun Yu Zhong, dominate the North Prairie, and then into the home in western Liaoning, and come into the middle, in the Battle of Fei River, the establishment of regime, as key members of Five Barbarians 16 countries. Datong of Shanxi Province and then to this area as a base for unity of North China, the establishment of the Northern Wei dynasty.In the policy of the Chinese emperor xiaowen, Hu dress, no clicking, the imperial court ceiling in Chinese, last name, such as a change of surname extension remove's lone yuanshi, surname Liu, step six solitary Hill land, surname muling surname Mu; so the Inland Plains of Xianbei, gradually into the Han. Sui and Tang dynasties, Xianbei was lost in Han, is no longer a national entity.


Rouran following the Huns and ruled northern grasslands after the nation was established in AD 402 Rouran Khanate, in the desert north and south to absorb the remnants of Huns and other nationalities, as the Great Wall to the south of the main threats to the Northern Wei regime, often attack the south sweep. To AD 555, Rouran for the emerging family of the defeated Turks, Empire overthrown, and moved into the Central Plains in the Han ethnic assimilation, while remaining in Mobei into the Turks. .


Rouran perish, Northern Prairie has to belong to the Turkic group of Turkic, iron Le, intermarriages. Turkic indigenous to the Altai Mountains in the Southeast, is a descendant of the Huns, the ancestor of the legend and the wolves, born ten child to Wolf Totem for worship. The original surrender to the Turks, a.d. six Rouran, beat Rouran, occupying mobei grassland and junggar basin. Forces the most prosperous, its territory, East, West to Central Asia in the Aral Sea, North of Lake Baikal, the threat to the Empire of the Sui and Tang dynasties. A.d. 583 years divided into Turkish, East-West control of Turkic steppe, a.d. mobei 630 years Tang Empire. Western Turks controlled western Altai, in AD 659 was the Tang Dynasty. .


East Turkish public jiangtang, were placed in the Ordos steppe. Although, once again, in the reconstruction of Khan, mobei but was soon destroyed the Uighur people have of the family, settle in mainland jiangtang. Anshi Rebellion, Government forces and rebels, is responsible for a number of Turki, they were later integrated into the Han nationality, their surname Hun, respectively, and Xue. There is also the Western Turkic Jiangtang moved into the Central Plains, one branch of the Ministry were placed in the shatuo this □ North powder, and salt in the Guanzhong shatuo people, moved to Shanxi Taiyuan areas for T'ang crusading party town, 1927. Shatuo in the Five Dynasties, Later Tang Dynasty have been set up, Houjin, after the Han dynasty and the North Han three countries flourished. The legendary "Thirteen" is Shatuo people. Turk, after death, except into the Han Chinese ethnic minority, the part of the join themselves to Uighur, a Uighur family; part of the westward so far in Afghanistan, in Central Asia and the Ottoman Turks Seljuk Turks dynasty dynasty. .


Intermarriages is mobei iron Le Clan a tribal, Turkic rule, then take the emerge on the occasion of the Turkic decline in a.d. 745 years off the Turks, the establishment of the East mountains, West-Altai Mountains of intermarriages Khanate. In the past other northern peoples such as the Huns, the Turks with Rouran, dynasties, the mutual opposition, pique the Uighur Empire with the Tang dynasty, the Tang dynasty, maintain friendly relations will be the third Princess to marry the Uighur Khan, and the resemblance with the back (powers) anti-vomiting (Aboriginal Affairs) ' under the policy, the Uighur troops helped the Tang dynasty, ping tubo Anshi Rebellion, the expansion of the boycott.


Uighur Khanate late civil strife continued, Khan court in 840 AD, Xia Jiasi year break, the public key part of the family moved south in northern Shanxi and integration among the Han. Other part of the grasslands, into the Shiwei tribes, and later became part of the Mongolian and partly to move into this western Xinjiang and Gansu Hexi. In the Hexi Corridor of Western Xia Hui He was defeated by, but still remain in Hexi Yu Zhong, Ming dynasty known as the fear I spread in Seoul, today known as the Yugur; stay in the Xinjiang Uighur occasion of the establishment of the Five Dynasties Karahan, forces, and in Junggar Basin, west of the Ili River basin and southern, the ethnic minority dimension after the technology has now become key members of my son family. .


Inner Mongolia the Khitan up to the East of the old River Valley, located in the Tang dynasty pines dudufu. They took a Uighur decline, yelu abaoji unified Khitan ministries, in a.d. 916, throne, East off the Bohai Sea, the North Western intermarriages Wei-Chen, the great wall, the establishment of the South into the Liao dynasty, "generals" and the novel "chronicles the story of the Khitan Empire. A.d. 1125 years, destroyed the Liao, Jin Khitan people become the Jurchen; part called the people of dahe's qidan xiju hulunbuir, also known as da breath, then there are many xiju Zhongyuan, instead use transliterations, old country Hu GE Jin Tai Hu er survivor's up.


Another part of the Khitan people are seeking refuge with Mongolia or Western Xia, Xia, after the demise of Mongolia, which a Khitan people into Mongolian. Some people with the Mongol armies Nanzheng Khitan Yunnan Dali, and later resided at the Dali Shidian, Baoshan, Tengchong, Wing Tak, Longling, Xishuangbanna and other places, the existing 15 million people, to name A, Mang, Chiang was more, some people still worship Yelv's tablets, and even part of the move to Taiwan from Yunnan. Yuan off gold, the golden rule of the Khitan people, was the Yuan Dynasty as "Han" and the Han nationality live together, into the Han.The descendants of the Khitan to Wu, Chang, HO, ceramic, white, yellow, he, Hu, Jin to display family.


Jurchen distribution of this eastern Siberia, Sakhalin, Khabarovsk, Heilongjiang area, south to the northeastern Songhua River today, Mudanjiang. Tang Blackwater Military Government in this set. Liao Dynasty was established, to submit to Khitan. Liaoning Bohai Sea off the country people, who moved out to the Bohai Sea, the Bohai Sea or fled to Korea, or fled into the Central Plains, as Koreans or Chinese. Jurchen then moved to the Bohai old haunt, then its distribution has expanded in southern Liaoning Province. Song off together later Jurchen Liao, and then invaded the Central Plains, scored Kaifeng, captured Hui and Qin Emperor, the Central Plains to make the territory into the Jurchen Jin; a large number of migrant women Zhennai Jurchen, Khitan, Xi people in the Central Plains. .


These moves into the Central Plains of the family, in the Golden Book of the dead in the Mongolian Yuan dynasty, the Han Chinese are considered to be "," mixed with Han Chinese, and quickly assimilated into the Han Chinese. It is estimated that at that time living in the Central Plains of about two million women live. But also to stay in the Northeast for about two million women live, died after a Ming dynasty, established the rule that the detention of minced, changed its name to the founding of the Qing dynasty Manchu. And occupy 400 women live in Inner Mongolia the submittal to the Mongolian in Mongolian, become a part of it. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, many Jurchen tribes join themselves to the Ming government would retain its leadership capital, while its Department of Public exile, together with the wife and children scattered in all parts of the Wei, and Han live together, or even use surnames, financial into the Han. Fujian's sticky clan shall Jurchen, according to their genealogy records, they are captured by the Jurchen famous emblem of the Two Emperors of the Nian Han (End Yanzong Han), the Bank has assisted the sixth element of its prime minister Chucai, he was an official in the Yuan Dynasty . .


Chapter VIII moved to Jinjiang, mid-Qing dynasty has moved to Taiwan's ethnic Albanians, today many live in Nantou, Changhua area Changhua area biggest village used to be called, is a surname with the largest number of inhabitants of the settlement. After the Manchurian, full of people gradually assimilated, and because of the unique distinction of being stationed throughout the system that will allow full people scattered around the course was integrated into the ground, as the locals. After the establishment of the Republic of China, a Manchu more covert identity, instead use transliterations, first or last name, or surname Luo Han, even claim to be. In fact, most of them are already does that Manchu, does not know the language, but use the Chinese language, Chinese, and Han Chinese. Only a small number of Manchu Autonomous County in northeast remote villages, and moved to the Xibe stationed in Xinjiang, said Manchu and maintain over the life habits. .


With regard to ancient Qiang, the activities in the South Western Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai huangshui River Valley area. Eastern Han dynasty, the regular and the Imperial Court ± è ? ???????? conflict, is the eastern edge of suffering from headache, Dong Zhuo was in liangzhou yiping Qiang mess. In occupies each beat, will they move. Three Kingdoms, in occupies four and half a million people. 5 Hu 16 kingdoms, Qiang has also established later regime. Their long-term and Han Chinese, who blend into the Han. But there are some people in occupies the Xianbei Tuyuhun synthesis, residence in Gansu, Qinghai, belief in Buddhism. The late Tang Dynasty, Tuyuhun part of the move to the north of Shanxi, into the Han. Their lives living in Qinghai Province, then into Tibetan. .


In addition a FR the tubo oppression, move now Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and gradually absorbed the Han culture, Western Xia, establishing the Western Xia regime (1032-1227). Dunhuang grottoes in many Western Xia of the inscriptions of frescoes. A.d. in 1227, xixia died in Mongolia, the people most of assimilation to the Han. Part of the stay in that place, xixia Hexi corridor area, many residents are the Tangut. Another part of the Western man is placed in the South, Nanyang, Henan province, Fangcheng Biyang, xinyang,. Some were carried over to Baoding, Hebei Juyongguan and area. Qiang people living in situ while the party moved to this item Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan wood elegant Northwest region, the Ming Dynasty set up in this long fish pass Ning Yuanjun China Hexi Tournament to the Secretary, their integration into the Tubo, a Tibetan part of China. Today is no longer seen Qiang North, Central Plains, only in the northwest of Sichuan Minjiang River, the mountainous area between Jiuzhaigou and Chengdu, there are still Qiang settlements. .


总之，中国古代著名的少数民族，多已在历史中消失，如匈奴、鲜卑、柔然、回纥、突厥、沙陀、契丹、渤海、女真、羌、西夏等族，他们除了极少部分迁徙到境外，如北匈奴迁到中亚、东欧，西突厥迁到中亚之外，主要的部分则因迁入中原，与汉人杂居，而融入汉族；另一部分则彼此融合，如匈奴融於鲜卑，匈奴、鲜卑融入柔然，柔然又融入突厥，突厥又融入回纥，契丹则融入蒙古，渤海则融入高丽，女真也融入蒙古，羌人则融入吐蕃；甚至还进一步抟成新民族，如回纥演变成今日维吾尔族，女真族演变成今日的满族，室韦、突厥、契丹、女真甚至加上汉人演变成今日的蒙古族. It is evident from the famous ancient minority, though already disappeared, but the result of integration between each other to attract, you have me, I have you, no family is pure, especially the Han Chinese, almost all fusion melting pot of ethnic minorities. Our ancestors invented as early as 1700 years ago, the world's first anesthesia - anesthetic, the wise man is the Han dynasty known as the "doctor" by the famous physician Hua Tuo. .


Once, he in South to one arm gave birth to a child, doc sores. The kids jumped back pain. This matter has deep tenderness Hua to heart. He thought: "what if a drug, the patient dose first, and then when the operation is not painful, but also able to heal illness, it would be wonderful!".


One day, a few guys to lift an unconscious guy, seeking Hua Tuo treatment. Hua Tuo asked: "Where is this man hurt?" "He and the people fighting, people interrupted ribs!" A young man quickly said. Hua Tuo to unlock clothes and looked injured, bloody under the left chest, ribs are exposed. He let the boys hold down the victim, and then busy with medication water scrubbing the wound started to operate. .


At this point, he discovered that the whole operation process, that person is not only not struggling, even without a moan. Suddenly, a unit of alcohol aroma. Ask that the injured, then also sleep in the dream?.


The surgeries to Hua great inspiration. If made after the dose of a medicine so that patients can sleep as drunk as surgery on much more smoothly. .


He began to study the anaesthetic. After repeated testing, improvement, and a thick wine dispensing of narcotic drugs and herbs – made of hemp boiling powder.


Once a boatman stomach pain straight roll, by Hua Tuo was his spleen diagnosed ulceration, and must be cut off. Boatman consent, Hua Ma boiling out a packet of powder, stir into the wine and let him drink. Little while, the boatman to drowse, drowsy and lose consciousness. Hua Tuo cut away his ulcers of the spleen. Boatman woke up, his stomach is not so painful. Also about a month by Hua Tuo carefully modulating the patient back to health. .


In 1700 he made many years ago, the invention during boiling general anesthesia, which not only in the Chinese medicine is unprecedented in the history of the world history of surgery has also won the 1500 years.


Project Management in the name of the short course. .


.05 .06 2006... ".


Project Management in the name of the short course. .


The name of the working process.


Software design document form (Component Design Document) CDD. .


Specific design document (Detail Design Document) DDD.


Software functional design documentation (Functional Design Document) FDD. .


Software functional specification (Functional Specification) FS.


Handbook (Handbook) HB. .


System integration test plan (Integration Test Plan) ITestPlan.


System Integration Test Report (Integration Test Report) ITestRep. .


Group collaborative document (Intergroup Coordination Document) IC.


Preliminary Design Document (Preliminary Design Document) PDD. .


Software configuration management documentation (Software Configuration Management Plan) SCM.


Software development plan document (Software Development Plan) SDP. .


Software project planning documents (Software Project Plan) SPP.


Software Quality Assurance Plan (Software Quality Assurance Plan) SQA. .


Software requirement specification (Software Requirements Specification) SRS.


Statement of Work (Statement of Work) SOW. .


Subsystem testing programme (Test Plan Sub-System) SSTP.


Subsystem test report (Sub-System Test Report) SSTR. .


Subsystem testing script (Sub-System Test Script) SSTS.


Software Maintenance Plan (Sustaining Plan) SP. .


System operation description (System Operations Description) SOD.


System Test Plan (System Test Plan) STestPlan. .


System test report (System Test Report) STestRep.


Training program (Training Plan) TP. .


Acceptance test plan (Acceptance Test Plan) for the ATP.


Acceptance Test Report (Acceptance Test Report) ATR. .


Skills assessment form (Form Assessment Skills) Askills.


Checklist (Checklist) CL. .


Program to modify the report (Report Code Difference) CDR.


A project manager of some personal experience. .


2006-05-28 19: 42: 49.


Medium and small. .


I am doing a project manager for many years, is doing it the most important thing is to understand what is the local conditions and circumstances, and only the best, not what is right, what is wrong, the project manager's most taboo is the tendency to perfectionism, especially technicians descent, like looking for a standard answer to delay the progress of the work, or confused. The following are some of the projects I do write personal experience for everyone, in the course of the discussions together to raise standards.


Project started as a most important stage. Project manager taking over a new project, the first to be as much as possible about the project from all aspects of the situation, such as:. .


1. This project is a project specific about what they are doing, and who is put forward aimed at addressing a problem. In the domestic many customers are not mature enough, never under the name of the project should be to imagine the objective of the project. A group named "Office Automation" project, most likely in your entry after a month to find customers actually need is a computer-aided production management information system. The work of early understanding of the situation, followed by the more surprised by the project, the less risk.


2. . This project involved in what people such as investment side, the specific business stakeholders side, after the completion of the project operate side, Jishujiandu side and so, many projects in addition to Yezhudanwei li structure is Fuzayiwai, there are other units Ye be involved in, such as project supervision companies, owners and other industry authorities. Project managers need to understand every aspect of people's views and expectations of this project is.Prior knowledge of various aspects of perception and expectation, you can let your having problems doing the project, in respect of each matter who will analyze what support you, who would oppose you purpose, so as to advance the joint fight against enemies and friends to leave things to the desired direction. No friends forever, there's enemies, only compatible interests, this sentence as a project manager is important to remember;.


3. . A basic understanding of the customer's situation, the following things is to understand your company's view of the parties to the face of this project. The first is whether the senior leadership attention, the decision of the resources you need when 公司 whether the request based on your most powerful support. Leading oral certainly said that he supports, you need to do is to know the company's actual expectations of this project is trying to project bigger and bigger, or would like to make money? Is a model project or simply want to muddle through, the company leading the project's attitude determines your strategy to do this project, and this strategic approach will project you do have a direct impact;. .


4. in the overall project plan, but generally calculate your resources. The first is time, now the market is highly competitive, and often many project requirements in it's almost impossible to finish the span of time. On this point, you have to do the project's risk control scheme to be fully taken into account. Secondly, according to the project budget and know-how, roughly calculate the future of the ad hoc group, the number of roles, where each role is whether anyone, the company is fully owned by the project, whether it is necessary also to recruit some personnel, recruitment of preparatory work to start as soon as possible. Finally some of the equipment is ready, large key equipment required for the project to be scheduled as soon as possible, no matter what happens after the person or persons equipment, equipment condition, are a waste of your time;. .


5. now is the time to do the project specifications. A good project instructions not only what describes very clearly (mainly talk about what we do, rather than how to do it), but also shows how to check the subject thoroughly. In other words it is not only tell you what makes customer service (General non-technical) know what completes project made. Simply put, the project description describes what the project and everything to do what degree and how to check for each result.


6. . Is to make the overall project time? No, you already know the client's goals and resources of your hand, then make plans before you need and your manager and client to communicate fully the question of resources. Because many resources are still not clear, you need to write a report, a detailed analysis of the project risks and resource requirements. If some problem can not be resolved, the consequences of what will happen. If the resource is not enough, we must change the strategy level, to increase investment in this project. Even in conditions permit, some companies will give up this project.In short, no one was able to complete a mission impossible, if the project manager will not be able to identify risk, only to be martyrs.


7. . To understand what to do things and chips on your hands and your overall strategy to do this project, it is now time to set up the project team. Many project managers do not have to choose the right team members, it would be to maximize your influence to find people who you want it.Composition of different according to the project, a difference is large, it is difficult to have any specific requirements, however, be sure to have a mastery of customer business, many small projects, this person is the project manager, large projects with industry experts in the Council (Industry expert), and customers will not be, both sides can understand each other. I often see is that our technical staff and conversations full of terminology, the result is customer confused, in turn, he also accused the customer does not understand the technology. In fact, to understand what their customers want to have a good customer, and do not know what to do, but do not know how to do it but also find fault with customers everywhere, but to understand that the customer has chosen you, not your selected customers, with customers only pay you get, a little calm it;. .


8. now you are faced with three groups of people: your leadership, your team and your customers, and these people, let them know you're going to do, when you want them to do what these things will be your main job. Since communication is so important that the definition of the principles of the communication is also a very important thing. Many communication principles are unspoken rules, if you are in a time, on the application of these rules is a well-deserved thing, however, you now face is more departments or even multiple units, communication rules to make it clear that you will suffer in the future. The following things seem boring, but it is still very useful: the first is the way the provisions of the flow of information and media, is the push or pull. Push means that the project manager will take the initiative to publish the information, whether by phone, mail or in writing to ensure that the information conveyed to everyone. This is suitable for small projects, few people; pull, which means that the project manager is a similar web server, what information you need to ask him.Of course, there is no project managers make themselves so tired, he would publish information to the public media publish information, simple is the Whiteboard, the complex is the project's public information interactive areas, the unspoken rules that I had you seen that don't say I didn't tell you. These may seem silly, but in fact it is not fully involved in the message. Of course, these are the general way, but not absolute, in the General case, access to active and passive communication time, especially for leaders, project managers should proactively communicate to and leadership. The second issue is the document, many people are afraid to write the document, but the project manager must bear in mind the "good bad memory as written" the truth. Why not tell it is sometimes justified? Because there is no evidence. Therefore, project managers and customers will begin to clear some of the document must be signed, such as project manager of the project log, at least a week to allow customers to sign a consensus Furthermore, all things, such as meeting minutes, and even leadership of the speech Ji Lu, Du To write a document, the two sides signed after passing the buck when it can be well documented.Remember: it has been said and didn't say, only written down all signature really happened. There are some issues, such as your report to leaders (including the party leadership, and customer leaders) to make a choice, the results do not reflect the leadership award, strange, as a result of delaying the progress. In this case, you can wait, but attention must keep records that indicate who is to blame for; in addition, if you initially agreed on and leadership: if instructions submitted three days did not receive a reply if the consent of the other leaders, so that you will take the initiative. Another example is the approval process for different events question: What level of things recorded in the project log in, what level do the two sides signed a memorandum specifically the project manager, what level of things to come out the leadership of both parties sign a contract attachment so. Prior to the more thoughtful, more active future work. .


9. Okay, a lot of early work that defines some of the rules of the game, now is the time to sit down and plan. This section, as a project management book can speak better than me, so I rarely write point to say something about their experience. First, find a few key team members, such as customer service specialist, system analyst, and so on, to do about project modules. The project is divided into several pieces, each piece is completed, the module information exchange between the and so on. Requirements definition is what to do, but here is how to do it. Here to stress one point: the completion of a goal there are many ways you have to choose one you are most familiar, and not look perfect, this idea will make your project a lot of risk reduction. Sometimes clients will be impressed by a new technology, insisting that the new technology you use, you should tell him: you elected me to do this project, it should allow me to use their own favorite ways of doing things, new technologies, the reason tempting, because not many people who suffer, I do not want you to become the first victims.A plan will allow you to work more specifically, such as Microsoft Project software, you fill out the form, you can know the item number of things to do, what things you need resources, and relationships between them, the consumption is the length of time, finished what flags, etc. All of the results of the last one is called a Gantt chart format. You finish the table later, Gantt chart projects end times that are lagging far behind you the scheduled end time (contract no seek you). Of course, learning through project management of people talking about what WBS, things like optimal path, but I experience is that you re-optimization is also possible to plan these things An Paidao the Shijianjieshu. If you do not encounter this problem, I congratulate you pick up an easy living, before you go make sure you are listed all the things to do and correct assessment of the time they need. At this point, you have to consider sacrificing some of the tasks of the time (that means quality) of the. What criteria should be sacrificed? The project's strategy! Our strategy mentioned in the third quarter.My experience is that if you catch the progress, the results may be the ten things you didn't do well, think about how I failed. Therefore, to the resource you are familiar with and confident, the final result is ten things, you have three parts into finished products, three-, four-piece for some reason delay, whether or not a transcript is beautiful? strategy determines the priority, the priority right arrangement of things is a project manager competence primarily.


Well, now the project has been completed the preliminary work to understand the objectives of the project, find out the resources on hand to develop the project strategy, and the preparation of the project's overall plan, the project entered the implementation phase. Entering this stage is the project manager but more free time, unlike the previous time to like the news as the project manager and different people everywhere, access to and figure out what they said, to guess what they want and their real purpose, which is the most exhausting thing. Of course, the small project is a project manager is often their own resources to do many things, but this time bitter than anyone else.Project Manager of this period's main job is to keep the leadership, as well as their customers and leading communication. And customer leadership communication with particular attention to, unless you need each other to give you the support you need to talk more specifically, to tell him everything is normal, and attitude to aggressively, do not say that some leaders don't know the details, such as: "the Secretary, the recent progress on a project to be normal, it is often some JVM memory leaks ..." the Secretary "(* & $ @@".


. .


The article referenced from: http://tb. .blog. .csdn. .net/TrackBack. .aspx? PostId = 757034.


Mobile phones and laptop wireless internet connection. .


Excerpted from the BBS.


Someone asked recently discovered notebooks on the mobile phone Internet connection problems, now a newspaper with a computer "laptop wireless Internet access method" and their own experience to tell you what, I hope we do not throw eggs, I am also IT enthusiasts, there are problems after all with discussion. .


OK nonsense to say the least, the point:.


Data cable connection. .


Data cable is a more traditional manner, and can be broken down into COM connectors, USB connectors, as long as the laptop, there is a COM port or a USB port and a corresponding connector. But wireless Internet access is carried out by mobile phone, Motorola cellphone USB interface connection can be used, but most mobile phones are using COM interfaces. Provides the interface for mobile phones, essentially provides GPRS Modem for Win9X/2000/XP drivers, you can reference the corresponding handset manufacturers, official website. .


The specific infrared link,:. .


GPRS phone + laptops, wireless Internet access program a bit like a built-in Modem installation, first install the infrared interface, the driver, and then you use the virtual COM reflection to infrared interface for dial, and, of course, it is not a direct line telephone number by dialing, but rather through mobile wireless dial-up, depending on the configuration as follows (in XP system as an example):.


Step 1, first install the infrared interface driver (if already installed, you can save), if the laptop BIOS configuration on the infrared interface configured with the options, first need to enable the red, outside function, in , press the F2 key during boot to enter BIOS setup program, enter the System Devices menu, choose select Infrares Port (infrared port) option, in this option there are three options set, that the Disabled, Enabled, and Auto, are free Select "Enabled" and "Auto" can be two options, press F10 key to save settings, the end of setup process。 After rebooting the system, the system will find the new infrared port, and installs the driver, and then eject the add new hardware to the import dialog box, in which you want to add a new modem (in fact, is a virtual modem).


Step 2, in the "Add New Hardware Wizard" in the press prompted click "Next" button to return to the pop-up prompts basket, the last in the list box, select "Add a new hardware device" option! ,. .


Step 3, click the "next" button, as shown in the pop-up dialog box, select the "install I manually select from a list of hardware (Advanced)" single option, and then continue to click the "next" button in the dialog box that appears, choose "modem" option.


Step 4, continue to click "Next" button in the dialog box shown, select "Do not detect my modem, I will list, select the" check,. .


Step 6, click the "next step" button which pops up a dialog box, choose the COM port for a connection, choose a unused COM port, normally your own identification (this is actually a virtual COM port), and then follow the prompts, continue to click the "next" button to complete the installation of a virtual modem, a..


,. .


7 in the "network connections" dialog "network tasks" bar, click the "create a new connection" link on the item, and then on "new connection" and follow the prompts in the wizard to create a new dial-up connection, dial-up equipment selected is above the installation of virtual modems.


8, in the "Control Panel", double-click "infrared" in the "Options" box select "start infrared communication", open the laptop infrared port; while the phone is set to open mobile phone infrared port (different phone set different do the same),. .


Step 9, the phone's infrared port to the portable infrared window (usually no more than two distance 30cm is valid), the laptop will prompt you to locate, an IR transmitter equipment (mobile), double-click the create dial-up connection, enter the dial-up ISP's phone number, user account and password information. Dial-up, work, mobile phone screen shows the receive and send data, cell phone, ongoing data communication!,.


Bluetooth and the matching notebook. .


This wireless Internet configuration and an infra-red directly through the notebook, port connection configuration is similar. The basic steps are as follows.


Step 1, the first Bluetooth adapter is not plugged in, running with the Bluetooth adapter provided with the management procedures. .


Step 2, plug in the Bluetooth adapter, and then restart the computer, the system will automatically recognize and install to install the Bluetooth adapter, driver,.


Step 3, configure the mobile phone that supports Bluetooth wireless communications. To NOKIA6820 (my sister used), for example, from the phone main menu, select "Settings" | "Bluetooth Settings" | "Bluetooth Devices" | "test"; run on a step installed "Bluetooth Manager" program, refresh, you can find the 6820 phone. Found in the cell phone icon on the right-click, select the trust device, this time paired phone prompt appears, enter the device number (can be arbitrary), then in the "Bluetooth Manager" in the input above, the same number, then phone will find the computer, complete the setup. .


Step 4, so the above setting, we'll put the mobile phone, virtual into a dial-up Modem, of, use it to create a new dial-up connection, the entire process is also a built-in Modem, installation is similar to the configuration.


Bluetooth link to my personal laptop used, calculating the actual person:), you should pay attention to what, in this process will not power off, or notebook, the Lord of the damage on the phone are great. .


Nokia 6670 knowledge [date: 2006-01-19] [from: original site].


● Where there is business card information clip ah? Can spread to the computer ah? ? . .


Business card holder data file is in the form of memory, the corresponding file is c\system\data\contacts. .cbd. You can use contact manager software for business card holder, the .csv file to save. to the MMC card and outlook-compatible.


● Will the built-in Chinese-English dictionary in the phone which I would like to delete the install directory other Chinese-English dictionary. .


You can only delete a thesaurus, dictionary files in e\system\apps\dictionary\..


● How do you can delete the original machine in the ring? . .


See using seleq, comes with a ringing tone in the nokia/z/sounds, that is curable in system rom, cannot delete.


● Will the 6670 support the ringtone format for the MID, and MID format ringtones that sound was in there? Is not the same as MP3? What other 6670 best ringtone? . .


Midi does not have the human voice is pure musical symbol of digitization. Mp3 is a true expression of the sound. 6670 do with MP3 and wav ringtone volume is larger, the effect is good, but also want to look like, and it is nice to midi ringtones.


● mobile wallet is locked, the password should be the number of A? ? How to unlock. .


Enter * # 7370925538 # this command is an e-wallet password initialization order, many of my friends who forget e-wallet password but still can't use e-wallet, use this command, you can use e-wallet password initialization, you can reenter the password, but this command will enable electronic purse all the data is lost.


● appman is doing with the ah. .


Appman is essential for system monitoring software, you can use to monitor the background process to view the current form factor memory usage and memory usage, running, and to release unused memory to run, you can force the shutdown process, clear the Junk (sometimes there is an error), you can set a shortcut.


● I downloaded appman to the phone, but how to use it? . .


Before installation, as long as the SIS file to the storage card's root directory, and then in the choose the installation program management. After the opening run, the upper-left corner is the remaining memory, the upper-right corner is the c drive occupancy; dial to the right, you can see the current open procedures; and then to the right, is the current process, press Options, you can compress memory, also is to release unused memory to run; in the far right is the installation of the software, you can set a shortcut.


Who knows nokia6670 ● Does the latest version number? Is * # 0000 # shows the number. .


Updated to V4 6670. .0445. .0ch mediocre, mainland only this version is the latest version of the 7610.


● how to copy contacts in OUTLOOK to your phone? Through the MMC card? . .


You can select the "export to outlook-other address book-text file (comma separated)", that is exported as a CSV file, replication to the storage card, using the Contact Manager and put this file to restore to a business card holder; can also be used in the form of a vCard.


● The phone can get the desktop image moves you. .


No, the desktop background is static, use an animated gif. You can install the screensaver software.


● younger brother bought a 512 why not the MP3 as a ringtone! . .


Mp3 files in e\sounds scenario under you can set to ring in a model, but the mp3 must be layer-3, layer-2 MP3 player, mobile phones, ringtones can do.


● If you want to send pictures via Bluetooth, What equipment ah? Is not also available via MMS ah? Under what circumstances others can not get it? Thank you. .


Mobile phone you can use Bluetooth to send pictures directly from the phone you must have Bluetooth and naturally open to receive; MMS you can also send a picture, but does not exceed the limit, 100KB mobile phone also supports GPRS and opened.


● image can not be set to full screen. .


Directly in the background is not full-screen, only the maximum 176 * 144, can only be achieved with topic. full-screen in standby.


● Is there not know how to build fast ah? How do I open the program in accordance with option I choose not to see fast ah? . .


You can set with appman, run this software, press the right arrow key, to the right is a list of installed programs, option is the "add to favourite choice."


● want the game to hide, how to set up. .


Navigate with SeleQ system\apps under the installation directory, the game's executable file. .app cut somewhere else (such as on a storage card specifically a directory), the game icon in the menu will disappear, the executable file back to its place, you can play again.


● How to install the finished patch and crack patch ah? . .


Sis is to install the main files, first install the phone, rsc file is finished patch, as long as it covers to the installation directory, that is, under the appropriate catalog e\system\apps, replacing the original file with the same name.


● how to distinguish between Hong Kong Bank and the European water ah? . .


The strokes of the keyboard have elevated walkway, the # key on the word "Euro", even if there is a stroke is then carved; elevated walkway software for traditional Chinese, simplified + euro are generally simplified mainstream version of; brush elevated walkway is traditional, and with the original print invoices, cannot provide the invoice are parallel imports.


● Is there any use for 6670 automatic answering software? Thank you! . .


Automatic answering software can use SmartAnswer and AnsweringMachine and AutoPilot, etc..


● How to tell N recorded 6670's mainland and Hong Kong firms and parallel licensed difference, please enlighten. .


Mainstream have exactly one version 445, accessories are Chinese, there are the strokes on the keyboard, the # key on the tag is "in" word on the keyboard of the elevated walkway, a mediocre battery charger labeled capacity, as the elevated walkway ACP-12C, charger, software is ACP-12X Big5 + s + English. Want to buy a mediocre to formal businesses, elevated walkway to Hong Kong to buy big shop or a continent some reputable merchants, original print invoice is indispensable.


● Set a good wallpaper to cancel ah? I deleted the original picture, but the wallpaper still! Halo, is also a theme not have to even delete it? . .


First install file management tools, such as the delete c\nokia\data\BackGroundImage SeleQ. .mbm, this is the wallpaper file, delete the background becomes blank.


● 1, 6670 to see how to use e-books? . .


2. Nokia 6670-what is e-book format?.


3, should e-books on the mmc card which folder? . .


The Palm-book support MDX format, you can also use handheld academies UMD format, both formats can do it yourself, such as SmartViewer software support, ReadM TXT format. File where you can casually, the software can automatically search, or manual positioning.


● 6670 have electronic wallet? Electronic wallet is used for what. Hope heroes pointing. Thanks! . .


There are e-wallet, e-wallet enables users, through WAP for convenient and secure online transactions, through the security module-wireless identification module (WIM), users can sign their digital transactions.


● 6600 Can the above software to run in 6670, 6600, software like a lot, 6670 is not so much. Thank you! . .


Basically, the two machines are Symbian 7. .0s system, 6600 is S60 2. .0 platform, 6670 is S60 2. .1, the vast majority of software platforms are common.


● shows how even find memory card 61M, 18M has been occupied and then there is not been used up you? Where do I see what procedures to be occupied, there is no game does have any metal growl, I did not wear, What is original? Thank you pointers! . .


Fully functioning, memory manufacturers by 1KB = 1000 bytes, 1M = 1000KB, but the operating system by 1KB = 1024 bytes, 1M = 1024KB, 64 MB of card systems recognize only 64/1.1. .024/.024 = 61MB. Sell and buy when the number of software and games, metal roar is a game.


● CMOS and CCD camera, What's the difference? 6670 is that? . .


The material type photoelectric sensor, in General, the effect of the CCD CMOS are better than many, most of the DC is CCD, however, a considerable number of top-level professional SLR machines are used in the CMOS. But in order to reduce costs, mobile phone camera or normal CMOS, 6670 is 100 megapixel CMOS.


● Will the 6670 maximum resolution camera is the number? Results in the phone speaking clearly? . .


Shooting video resolution QCIF 176 * support i.e. 144 and 128 * 96 subQCIF, 176 * 144 photos, effects can also.


● 6670 and moto mpx220 Both phones which is better? . .


MPx220 mobile for Windows smartphone 2003SE system, multimedia performance is better, stereo output, and computer in sync, but high on hardware requirements, available software than to use the symbian s60 platform system, playability as 6670 6670; 6670 extended more space, more mature, MPx220, good playability is more stable, better quality.


● 6670 Hong Kong Bank of brush licensed software happens ah? . .


Elevated walkway is simplified and pinyin input, does not require a brush, brush the licensed software is full and simplified mainstream of same, is not a traditional, stability and have no effect.


● 6670 using a variety of amps the battery can do, or different versions of the body corresponding to different types of batteries. .


Nokia has several models of battery, there are more mainstream, BL-5B BLD-3 BL-5C, etc. Different models of battery, the contact points are the same width and length are different, but the thickness of such basic universal; you can contact a different width or length cannot be accepted. 6670 is BL-5C battery.


● 1, is not the MMC card in the battery back? Take the card, but also shut down trouble?. .


2, random data cable transfer sent faster? can not be used when the reader >.


1,6670 does not support hot-swappable memory card, it must be taken off. .


2. the data cable is a pseudo-USB port, you need to install the cable drivers, via PC Suite, the transmission speed is slow, and the reader is not exactly the same, it also has the synchronization and management capabilities of the fuselage, the reader is simple to transfer data on a storage card, transfer speed.


● How long does it normally can use standby. .


6670 use BL-5C battery standby time is good, but it is still necessary to establish on the basis of in-use, powerful Smartphone, playability, use a lot, standby is not, in General, or many prepared a battery is good, if it is only used when the normal mobile phone, 4 days on standby.


● The machine can be an objective assessment of what it? . .


6670 is a good price/performance megapixel Symbian/S60 Smartphone support storage card, software, resource-rich, powerful, system expansion is relatively stable, quality reliable, the keyboard touch in General, do not support stereo music.


● Why is the phone is switched more slowly it? . .


Startup speed and power on the loaded software, and storage card size up to read system information, General Smartphone post than ordinary cell phone to slower, is normal.


● In the images folder, there is a hidden folder _PAlbTN, what use is it? Can delete it? . .


You can delete, this is the folder thumbnails, image management, see the picture to open the pictures in this folder under _PAlbTN directory by its corresponding thumbnail file, press the thumbnails can be displayed when browsing.


● 1, unlimited video capture software, 2, can send MMS midi software, as well as how to remove the shutter sound when taking pictures? . .


The warning tone is set to off to get rid of the shutter sound; it can send mms of any format, including MMS, midi; used with achievable when the camera is not limited.


● Moto E680 is the nokia6670 good or better! I am now hesitant to buy do not know which is good! I mainly used to send text messages and Internet access, games, songs in! I mainly used to send text messages and Internet access, games, songs in! . .


6670 is characterized by a rich game software than Linux is much better, is that music is the software to play Mono, effectively, and are also relatively small screen; E680 features screen, music effects, not to compare software resources. If you send text messages, play games or buy 6670, but don't hold on its music great expectations.


● 6670 and 6260 which is better than that? . .


6670 and 6260 system platform is the same, it is CPU, difference 123MHz 6260 is xuanying models, infrared and FM, and support hot-swappable memory card, but the fuselage 6670 memory than larger 2MB 6260, 2MP camera is. 6260 of work really is not very good, the keyboard setting is not very reasonable.


● I have just bought 6670 phone, why not play video files downloaded from the Internet, rm, 3gp will not work. .


Use realone Player RM video, you need to first convert the phone, otherwise it may not be able to play, or only voice no image. Conversion tools typically used Easy RealMedia Producer or Batch Real Producer, resolution of not more than 176 * 144, the bit rate is requested.


● Which Big Brother to talk about what the concept of smart phones? . .


Simply smart phone as a small computer and its hardware configuration than the average cell phone is high, the use of open operating systems, can achieve higher than normal mobile phone, smart phone has 4 types of operating systems:.


1, Symbian. Also sub-S60 (6600, NG, SX1, X700), S80 (9500), S90 (7710) and UIQ (P908) and other interface. Used widely. .


2、Linux。 There are some mobiles, such as A768, open source software, but not much.


3, Windows Mobile. Also points for PPC version and for smartphone version, the former resolution of VGA or QVGA, which is 176 * 220, the software has far more than the former. .


4、PALM。 The most classic PALM would not need to refer to it.


● MGS games do not install any software can not play. .


MGS is a gaming platform, the platform you want to install, the installer SIS format; individual game after installation, such as 3D billiards, Cobra helicopters, SIS format, after installation, open the MGS, menu choice on the games.


● How to identify it refurbished machine? . .


Refurbished machines mainly second mobile shell rework again, but the built-in chip hardware are old, 6670 performance, loss of use of the key will be larger, renovating machine keys sensitivity problematic. When you carefully observe the fuselage to buy, especially in the hole, and dust each contact if there are traces of open the back cover, the real new machine circuit board with a little pine fragrance tips; open the front cover, used camera Press Department has traces of wear and tear. In addition, if the machines themselves are using software left visible traces, it is also possible that the refurbished machines.


● 6670's camera the results were not too bad it? Open the computer can it? Is there a lot of noise, will not be very vague, right? . .


Effect also presentable, photographed at the light, it is difficult to avoid the noise in the strict sense, only for entertainment, and the new Nokia 130 megapixel camera also has a small gap sensor material is CMOS, no optical zoom, it could not claim is too high.


● how the lock the keyboard ah? ? ? ? ? . .


Nokia mobile phone keypad all methods are the same, first press the left soft key, and then press the * key, press a little faster.


● RS-MMC and MMC card what is the difference? . .


RSMMC cards than ordinary MMC card short, speed their slot is the same, RSMMC cards after installing MMC card adapter, you can use as a normal MMC card, the card is the new generation of RSMMC dual voltage, such as 6681, you cannot use normal RSMMC cards.


● heard that 6670 could be the foreign exchange 7610, how change? . .


The two machines can only shell, before the shell as the key common contact point, to them, but only the navigation keys can be used.


● Hong Kong Bank and is there any difference between the line you? . .


Elevated walkway must have the original invoice in order to strike a warranty, the price is lower, than the licensed software for traditional Chinese, simplified + charger is ACP-12X; mainland China major chain electric shopping centre you can buy, the invoicing of the formal invoice, the national security plan.


● 6670 I bought in foreign countries like to ask how my machine into the Chinese show ah? ? . .


There are two, the first not to spend money, their own install Chinese fonts and input method, you can display and input Chinese, but if used improperly, there may be unstable, the second is to look for sell Nokia parallel business brush for simplified Chinese, and slightly more expensive, but a lasting, steady, KF, higher fees.


● I send MMS with 6670, when entered, and add the midi sound clip, how to say can not add, the format is not supported, but can receive voice, MMS picture is someone (I use sound files sent to me ). .


Midi ringtones in Nokia phone is protected format, cannot be used directly from your multimedia message. Posted by 6670 midi has two methods: the first is to use the format changed to seleq amr, etc, you will be able to fool the system, the second is to use mms, MMS software to send it.


● just bought a 6670 should install any software before now ah? . .


First install file management software, which is equivalent to the computer resource manager, you can use seleq, smartfileman and hanydfile; process monitoring and memory compression software is needed, you can use appman.


The other depends on your needs, and dictionaries, card backup, simulator, video player, audio player, electronic tools, photo software, system enhancement, and other utility software. .


● 1, reuse, like menu seleq only copy, cut, and there is no delete option?.


2, I went to DFI to buy cards, there was no cargo, but they said that only mini mmc card, rs-mmc card does not seem to say this is not the same thing? . .


3 and they said the charge directly on your phone is not good, I usually don't have integral travel charger instead of hanging on the wall charger, battery harmful?.


1, a delete option, but just press "C" can be deleted. .


2. only mini-SD card, mmc card, no mini shorter is the rsmmc cards, the card will indicate card type.


3, charge or charge with the first wife of the best lines, but only inside the battery is the original battery, cradle with good quality can be. .


● Recently wanted to purchase the 6670 and Dopod 565 is difficult to make a choice between agreed, we give a recommendation?.


Dopod 565 is WM4SP 2003SE system, smart phones, support for stereo output, better multimedia performance, and PC synchronization advantage, but not as good as 6670 extensive software support, 6670 is not stable, poorly designed navigation keys; 6670 is SYMBIAN S60 platform, intelligent systems mobile phones, extending the software is extremely rich in megapixels camera, playability Biduopuda 565 is good, but no stereo output, multimedia performance as Dopod 565. .


● Support call datoutie and ringtones? MP3 is stereo?.


Support the calls of displays, but the size is relatively small, can be achieved through the phone book that shows software; support group ringtones, you can assign a ring tone for each contact; mp3 is a software decoder, the single-channel output. .


? How to read your own mobile phone and by others listening?? have a somewhat similar to the opening of the vibration feature of the mark, whether this is the symbol of eavesdropping..??


A call to open the upper right corner appears a lock, which often appear in large-capacity sim card, that call is not encrypted. Encrypted calls need to network and sim card support, but all GSM calls can be bugged. .


● How can get net label? I have cable, preferably a free way.


logo can produce their own size not more than 97 * 25 on it. Change logo can seleq, select "set as operator logo", you can restart; or in c disk system \ apps directory under the build a phone, and then build a oplogo phone directory under, then 97 * 25 to be renamed the picture into the 460_0_0. . Bmp (which is mobile, and China Unicom with 460_1_0.. Bmp). .


● Nokia 6670 and Samsung D488 I like both, but the two price points, compared to what you say which one is better than Ah, little brother, first thanks.


Win in 6670. 6670's screen is 176 * 208, more than D488's good, is 100 million pixels camera, and also better than the D488; 6670 can do mp3 ringtones, also better than D488's 64 chord; in particular, 6670 is a smart phone, extension features unlimited playability is Samsung D488 can not compare. .


● 6670 to install software should install type. There is also the Series60, is not the operating system.


6670 is a symbian 7. .0 S system, S60 2. .1 Platform for smart phones.Symbian is a Smartphone operating systems, in addition, linux, palm, windows mobile for ppc and windows mobile for smartphone, etc.; While Series60, S60 is is based on symbian system's user interface, usually called "platforms", there are systems based on symbian S80 (9500), S90 (7710) and UIQ (P908) platform, S60 1. .0 (3650), 2. 0 (6600) and 2. .1 (6670) version of the resolution are 176 * 176 * 208 or 220. .


● SE machine good non-keep up with the N-???.


Sony Ericsson's machine general, cost is not high. K5 series of low-end memory is quite strong, but the cost difference; the end of the K700 and Nokia, and Moto is not dominant compared with no expansion cards; high-end S700 expensive, performance generally; intelligent P Series cost is also not high. .


● Support MP4?.


Nokia S60 smart phones support mp4 format video, you can play with pvplayer, the software on the screen there are no major restrictions on the resolution, but the bit rate can not be too high. .


● Does this phone and which one is better than the 6630, although 6630 is 3 g's 3 g network, but aside from that, there is comparability?.


In addition to supporting different network, the 6630 version of symbian 8. .0, And 6670 is 7. .0; 6630 supports stereo music, 6670 is not supported; 6630's body memory 10MB, 6670 to 8MB; 6630's CPU to 220MHz, higher than the 6670's 123MHz; another 630 screen results would be better than 6670. .


● I on the computer in the compresses MP3 6670 on why can't play, could you tell me? thanks!.


mp3 must be layer-3's in the phone can play. With winamp playing mp3, the bottom is a playlist, right-click and select "music file information", see the MPEG information, the case of MPEG 1. .0 Layer 2, mobile phones can not play, use the software is converted to layer 3. .


● I'm 3650, 6670, 7610, this tradeshow was hesitant, she doesn't know which sections of the good. After all, 3650 is two years ago, models a ~.


3650: licensed ? 1599 (with 16M card). .


6670: elevated walkway $ 2800 (with 64M card).


7610: Hong Kong Line ? 3050 (with 64M card). .


3650 aspects than the other two machines, budget enough there is no need to consider the 7610 6670; and is one thing, the difference is that look different, 6670 price higher, but if you have a particular fondness for the appearance of the 7610, 200 of the post is not a problem.


● What is that crazy fight what input method? Useful not? To recommend some nice bar. .


It is recommended that you do not use the other input method installed. General just helpless is additionally install the input method is to associate the words hard to pretend to T9 system stability risks, gain.


● cell phone battery is not charging the first few times of use to reach 12 - 15 hours to ensure the future long-term use? . .


3 minor charge before 12 hours is Ni-MH battery-Nickel-chromium, now in the era of the theory of lithium-ion batteries and lithium-polymer battery in the production process have activating, no memory effect, and original linear charger in full after the cut off current leakage is useless. Of course, if you really care about this thing before filling it 3 times 12 hrs..


● I am the original data cable has just broken, you can repair it? How much to buy, then? How much assembly? . .


DKU-2 line buy original cost, but it's actually better to buy the same Assembly, $ 40; however, the data line is of little value, transfer speeds than the reader, but Bluetooth trouble; it is recommended that you use the card reader + Bluetooth combo.


● I would like to ask about the Nokia 6670 business card folder how can people groups, such as: friends, family, colleagues and so on, and then use a different tone to prompt, thank you, please advice! . .


First, enter the name card holder, to the right; you can also set the tone for everyone, go to the contact, options-set the ring tone.


●6670支持那些视频格式？。.


Different player supports different video formats to rm and realone support 3GP format, support for avi format, smartmovie pvplayer support mp4 format, mobiclip support mo format. Mobile phones play before you must switch to the appropriate resolution, bit rate is requested.


● 6670mp3 is built it? Or install third-party software? . .


6670 built-in just music software, and no audio decoding chip, the effect is Mono, and other smart phones Nokia Mono no difference, you can also install other player to play MP3, or ogg music playback with oggplayer.


● 6670's music is stereo it? . .


6670 no mp3 decoding chip, the software player is Mono, it should be said that the effect is relatively poor. Now Nokia support stereo music of S60 phones with NG, 6620, 6630, 6680, 6681, mainstream now no stereo music Nokia S60 mobile phone.


● Buy This change simplified the European machine to buy it? Hong Kong firms can buy it? What is the difference with the mainstream right? . .


The euro has simplified Chinese brush can be used as routine and the functionality is exactly the same, the difference is only the strokes of the keyboard is not on. Euro cheaper than the cost price of goods, but not three packages, if the mobile phone software, go to the brush machine KF to pay, if a hardware problem, there is no way. Buy euro parallel to fittings.


● How to do text messaging into your computer? . .


Use of this software, MessageStorer lets you integrate SMS text file export to txt, coding needs to be set to unicode. There is a Save function but not back it up, because it does not restore again to the mobile phone short mail.


● 6670 how data transmission? There are several ways? Please detail, thank you! . .


You can use a Bluetooth phone directly from the file, the phone will receive SMS; you can also use Bluetooth or data cable transfer data via the PC Suite and the synchronization; you can also use a card reader, copy the data directly.


● NEC830 and 6670 compared with what? . .


NEC830 positioning, obviously, is to emphasize the screen and the camera, its QVGA screen and CCD camera on 6670 is dominant, but others cannot be higher than the normal mobile phone, 6670 smart machine, extend powerful, support storage card, N830 to strong playability than many times.


● 6670 can use PC Suite on your computer Send PM it? . .


S60 machines are not able to send text messages to PC Suite, you can use this software Message Mobileways Desktop, but only supports English.


● 6670 keyboard on the right there is a small pencil head of the health sub, I pressed a button, no response, may I ask what use is it? . .


It is a typical editing S60 machine key, you can listen to music, you can make multiple choices, you can activate the menu edit or enter in force when power is used.


● how I did not C and E disk drive, will see how ah? . .


You first need to install the file management software, which is equivalent to your Explorer, commonly used seleq, smartfileman and hanydfile. The installation, open the software, you can see the letter of the computer, which is the same as the c drive is drive d, the fuselage memory is to run a memory-mapped virtual disks, e is the MMC card, rom disc is a System Z. You can easily make file management.


● How can I delete the download QQ ah. Or other games ah? . .


If this is the java format, as long as the application to delete the selected; if it is a sis format, after installation there in \system\install Setup and uninstall information, you can access tools-select uninstall a program management; other direct copy of the game as long as the deletion of the corresponding software under e\system\apps installation directory.


● Would you, 6670 has issued mass text messages to support?. .


6670 support sending, you can set up a group, then sends a message to this group, you can also write better select the recipient after each one.


● How the www network? Please master pointers. .


Netfront to www, you can also install other www browsers such as opera and doris browser, this is all done through the use of cmnet ucweb can also network on the www, this is done by cmwap access point.


● I have is 6670. Now enter the settings in, select the phone settings and select the routine, it will restart. Why. Help you direct me. .


Settings-phone settings-General is setting to machine language, and also installed input method conflicts will prompt an error, to switch back to the machine comes with input method and then went in, the browser errors and such. It is not recommended that you use another installation of the input method, will consume system resources, so that the system is unstable.


● rsmmc and sd and mmc What is the difference, can GM it?. .


MMC multimedia card is a CARD, MULTIMEDIA card is a lot of smart phone's storage card solutions; RSMMC cards (MMC REDUCED-SIZE) than the MMC card is short, speed, and SD card than MMC card transfer speed, thick, two more pins. SD-compatible MMC, MMC-compliant RSMMC.


● I bought a 512M card, why can not 162M multimedia film transfer into it?. .


Because 6670 transport using the data cable is not a direct way to u disk copy to memory card without the fuselage of memory, the files are too large may prompt space, 100 MB in a single file upload using a card reader is better.


● I have just bought a 6670, could not find a SIM card phone book to all the functions of copying the cell phone. Really want a copy of a phone number it? . .


Business card holder-options-SIM card phone book-mark-all-tag-copy to phone options.


X rays. .




Perspective.


Fluoroscopy: X ray through the human body, through the screen showed images of human tissues and organs, called fluoroscopy. Compartment Perspective: Fluoroscopy time for doctors and patients are in a dark room, and therefore the ray volume, convenient operation. Then it appeared compartment perspective. Perspective across the house because of the doctor by the few rays of patients to facilitate action in the next room, well received by patients and physicians welcome. Activities for the observation of organs, organs such as the natural contrast chest so good, those who need immediate access to test results. .


TV perspective.


Fluorescence imaging can image intensifier 1,000 times brighter, by television cameras on the image intensifier photographer and displayed in the monitor (TV screen) on observation, said the television perspective. It overcomes the fluorescent compartment perspective perspective and shortcomings, a more satisfactory perspective of contemporary methods. Activities for the observation of organs, organs such as the natural contrast chest so good, those who need immediate access to test results. . .


Photography.


Also known as plain film. X line through the human body, with a film to show images of tissue or organ, said the photographer. Mainly applicable to those who need to leave a permanent record, need to demonstrate the fine structure of a tissue or organ. The current application is more extensive. . .


Fluorescence photography.


With 35,70 or 100mm film will screen on the filmed image, the method called indirect fluorescence photography or photography. Apply to medical, preventive check-ups. . .


Tomography.


Also known as layered photography, tomography. Basic principle is that X-ray tube and film box connection with link, and to be the fault plane height of the fulcrum, X ray exposure, tube and film boxes to pivot the center moves to do the opposite, from photo images are to be broken level of clarity, the rest blurred image plane. This method called CT. It is suitable for observation of complex hidden in the parts of the lesion, such as the lung cavity. Lesions within the spine, lung or abdominal mass and internal structure of the boundary display. . .


Electrostatic x-ray photography.


Also known as dry plate photography. X ray through the body, shines charge of selenium metal plate, plate form a "static latent image", and then further "latent image" on the jet with electric carbon at the end, the board will be showing images. No darkroom processing of this method, so called dry plate photography. Mainly applicable to field X-ray photography and photographic soft tissue. . .


Zoom photography.


Geometry according to the principle of the inspected sites and increase the distance between X-ray film, were seized parts of image to enlarge it directly, its magnification = target film distance / object distance * 100% target. Enlarge Photo X-ray tube focus should be 0. .3 Mm less. Mainly applies to early silicotic nodules and bone destruction observed texture. . .


Note the wave photography.


Using a special device (remember wave device) to the edge of movement of human organs in the form of waves recorded in the X-ray film, the said note wave photography. Mainly applied to observe the heart, great vessels, diaphragm and stomach activity. .


【 】 Normal value.


Molybdenum instead of tungsten Zuocheng tube target surface, resulting in soft X-ray (wavelength 0. .001 ~ 0. .02 Nm), it is also known as X-ray photography. Mainly applied to soft tissue diseases such as breast examination. . .


High kilovoltage photography.


Above with 120kVP X-ray tube voltage, said high kV photography. The advantage of penetration, according to the object level is clear, small mA, exposure time is short. Mainly applied to thick parts, heart, pediatric and critically ill patients with photography. . .


X-ray film.


With a movie camera to image intensifier images recorded on 35mm film, said the X ray film. Mainly applied to cardiovascular imaging and observation of organ activities. . .


X-ray photography in rapid succession.


Use quick changer (AOT6 Zhang / s, PUCK3 Zhang / s), continuous shooting is according to location, into a rapid and continuous X-ray photography. Mainly used in cardiovascular imaging and other. . .


Digital fluorescence imaging.


Digital fluorescence imaging (digitalfluorography, DF), also known as digital fluoroscopy (digitalfluoroscopy), it is the further development of perspective techniques. 50 image intensifier of the early success was followed by a television perspective. With the development of computer applications and, in the 70's, the television perspective and computer integrated into the initial DF, through continuous improvement, is now widely used clinically, and became the basis for digital subtraction angiography.DF's basic principle is x-ray attenuation through the human body, the x-ray image intensifier to so that the fluorescence is enhanced. Then, use the TV cameras filming enhanced images and images through the ADC will become digital, into an electronic computer for processing. Operation of data through the converter into the image, and finally in the monitor display. It is obvious that the image is better than DF TV perspective image, its advantages are high resolution power density, good image sharpness. Therefore, DF have large hospitals on large x-ray unit. ..


Invasive diagnostic techniques. .


1. definitions.


X-ray or other imaging equipment used under the supervision of the needle and catheter technology, access to disease histology, cytology or imaging, so as to accurately locate lesions, quantitative and qualitative purposes. Such techniques that interventional diagnostic techniques. .


2. type:.


Interventional diagnostic techniques according to different purposes and are divided into two categories. .


1) biopsy techniques: using the biopsy needle and cytology and histology obtained specimens. For example, percutaneous pulmonary lesions biopsy, percutaneous biopsy, percutaneous Renal Biopsy and bone biopsy, endomyocardial biopsy, etc..


2) puncture imaging: use of needle and catheter or by percutaneous injection of contrast agent for imaging, it shows that to achieve an accurate diagnosis of disease. Such as percutaneous arthrography, percutaneous angiography, percutaneous imaging, noise chamber puncture imaging, tumor imaging and other cavity puncture. . .


Computer x-ray photography.


Computer X-ray photography (ComputedRadiography, CR) is the development of X-ray photography. With the application of computer development, to the 80 CR gradually developed.CR is the basic principle of work through the x-ray of the human body, the shot image plate, and form the latent image, the image plate shines through in laser scanning computer scanning, image signal through the ADC turned into an image, this image can be displayed in three ways: 1) through the monitor (screen) to directly read; 2) with more than one phantom camera directly to the film; 3) laser camera directly to the video signal recorded on film.


Image storage can use CD-ROM, tape and disk, but the best disc storage, because the information stored on optical disk will not occur for more than 20 years of change in image quality. .


Image plate tectonic General: 1) surface protective layer, it can prevent the screen from damage, the use of polyester resin fiber. 2) made of phosphor layer, it accepts the x-ray after-all fluorescence, and forms the latent image. Used as fluorescent substances-BaFxEu + + (x = Cl, Br, I) and polymer solutions blending, uniform coating surface of the substrate, with protective layer. 3) substrate, equivalent to x-ray film, it is all fluorescent substances-carrier and a protective layer. The use of polyester resin made out to Fiberboard, thickness is 200 ~ 350um. Substrate is black, the back often add a layer of photosensitive layer. 4) The back of the protective layer, the material and act on the same surface protection layer. According to foreign experience, an image board about 2,000 available. .


CR's advantages are: 1 the high spatial resolution); 2) high sensitivity; 3) Ray, just plain film of the 1/5 ~ 1/20; 4) processing speed without the need for a darkroom processing; 5) storage convenience, reliability and a long time. This technology is currently only a few countries in the world, China has not yet been applied see application reported. It is expected that, as the image plate, optoelectronic systems and computer processing program of continuous improvement, the CR will become more and more attention...


Digital subtraction angiography. .


1) contrast 3 ~ 4h fasting before. Abdominal DSA thoroughly qingchang.


2) iodine allergy test. IVDSA measured cycle time should be done. .


3) depressants. Use in children under 5 years old under general anesthesia.


4) First aid supplies are ready to check all sorts of equipment. .


1. principle of .DSA: subtraction and physics variable time, energy and depth. If a variable subtraction that level, such as time substraction subtraction; if the two variables are called secondary substraction subtraction, as mixed subtraction. The principles are summarized below. Temporal subtraction: first angiographic image intensifier before and after the use of high-resolution images on the camera tube for sequence scanning, in order to obtain a continuous video signal into a number of independent small box - pixel, and then the ADC device into a digital, two were stored in the computer memory in pre-contrast image, said mask image (maskimage), said imaging contrast image after image. Then command the computer to develop image data minus the mask image data, leaving only the blood vessel image data.This data is processed by the DAC, then to 256 * 256 or 512 * 512 or 1024 * 1024 matrix display to monitor, this image is the reduced image. Reduced images available through the monitoring screen displays or multiple sites, a laser camera copy; by disk, tape, or high-resolution optical disc storage. Because such subtraction method is obtained through different time two image subtraction, therefore calls time subtraction. Time subtraction is easy because the organ motion camera is not completely coincide, with..


Energy subtraction: use of contrast agent and surrounding tissue attenuation, the difference between the subtraction, called energy subtraction. Iodine contrast media X-ray attenuation coefficient in the 33keV Department has significant discontinuities, namely the energy than the critical level of iodine K edge, if edge slightly higher or slightly lower than the energy of K under the conditions of imaging, and then two different energy subtraction images, the information shall retain iodine image (blood vessel image). However, the energy subtraction images of the gas and the elimination of good soft tissue, bone tissue can not effectively eliminate. .


DSA tomography: also known as dynamic digital subtraction tomography. Use physics variables depth subtraction, it applies to the anatomical structure of the complex plane, its principles and conventional tomography approximation, DSA shown dissection of intravascular contrast agent is dynamic, and non-vascular structures have been removed. Subtraction of tomography Superior General.


Mixed Subtraction: two often use time and energy subtraction technique combined with the formation of hybrid subtraction. Principle is subtraction by subtracting the time of bone and soft tissue, and then remove the gas by energy subtraction and organ motion artifacts (such as the heart, great vessels pacing and peristalsis, etc.), thus leaving only vascular images, subtraction effect is good. However, such subtraction is the formation of four images, the signal to noise ratio is lost, only time subtraction of 35% to 40%, therefore, small vessels showed negative, this is the disadvantage of hybrid subtraction. .


DSA devices: current: due to the time subtraction on equipment request fewer, so is widely used for the subtraction method are described in the required equipment. 1) large-scale x-ray machine; 2) image intensifier; 3) high-resolution cameras; 4) electronic computer; 5) comprehensive subtraction; 6) high-resolution video recorder (tape, disk or CD); 7) number of the camera, or laser camera; 8) Console, etc. 2. method of classification: .DSA check venous DSA (IVDSA): needle or catheter to intravenous injection of contrast agent, and then make the subtraction. IVDSA advantages: 1) can be obtained by intravenous injection of heart and artery imaging, the operation more convenient; 2) Check the almost non-invasive, safer and less complications; 3) low cost, less time-consuming human consumption; 4) the use of imaging Agent less, about 40% of normal arteriography 60%, generally each imaging contrast agent bolus injection of high concentration can be 30 ~ 40ml; 5) elderly patients, patients who can not OK intubation, outpatients may apply method.Disadvantages are: (1) patient autonomy or independence of activities such as swallow, heartbeat, etc, can produce movement artifact; (2) low spatial resolution, smaller arteries shows poor; (3) in contrast to non-selective, developer more blood vessels; overlap, impact analysis. IVDSA according to the injection site different is divided into Central and peripheral method. Center of the elbow vein catheterization, TV monitors placed at the front of the superior vena cava cannula or right atrial contrast agent. External method by you to or right in the middle of venous catheter, is inserted at the top of the forward 10cm above injection of contrast agents. Arterial DSA (IADSA): insert a catheter through the femoral artery selective or super-selective angiography, and then cut the film processing. Advantages: 1) the amount and concentration of contrast agent less, about 25% of ordinary angiography to 50%; two) high image quality than IVDSA, super choice angiography, 200um of small blood vessels and small lesions can develop; 3 ) to reduce branch vessels overlap each other, benefit analysis; 4) to observe the flow of timely and dynamic images, check functional role. Disadvantages: 1) larger than IVDSA trauma; 2) the complications of more than IVDSA.But the image is clear, now IADSA widely applied.


3. . DSA inspection indications and contraindications of certificate:. .


1) IADSA indication and contraindications with conventional angiography.


2) IVDSA indications: (1) abdominal aorta and its branches diseases such as arterial stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm, arteritis, renal artery disease such as hypertension and limbs; (2) the pulmonary artery and its branches, such as thromboembolic disease etc.; (3) intracranial arterial lesions such as arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm, etc.; (4), such as certain heart disease Congenital heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (5) Main - coronary artery bypass. Contraindications with ordinary angiography. . .


Standard specifications for some interface.


A: Follow the same guidelines, the establishment of standards and compliance. .


Both controls use the wording of the message, or color, and window layout style, follow uniform standards, be truly consistent.


So the benefits:. .


1: enable users to use to establish a precise model, using the familiar heart a interface, switch to another interface to easily guess out various functions, statements, understanding does not need to bother to understand.


2: reduced training, support costs, support personnel will not line-by-effort guidance. .


3: give the user a unified feeling, no confusing as support increase.


Practice:. .


The project team has the experience, establish the UI specification:.


* Provide color art color scheme, providing the overall color table. .


· Interface, user experience, the program officer who has reasonable uniform control library. Reference standard: a standard interface to use.


Control function follows the industry standard, windows platform, see "Microsoft user experience" (MSDN in Chinese has been translated release, the project team must have one). .


Control styles in the allowed range can unify modify their styles, colors.


Advanced operations in other software to extract useful features of this project, to use, must not follow blindly, aimlessly. .


Depending on your needs, design guidelines for special operation control, to streamline operations and achieve a certain functional purposes.


* Interface implementation of the staff and the art discussion of the control can be realized, (if not the implementation of this step will lead to their work on the other side are not satisfied, will produce inconsistent confusion). Repeat the above-mentioned iteration. .


· Establish the UI on the rationalization of document standards, which describe the above specifications.


* Interface designers to understand the force, and as development criteria. .


· SQA staff monitoring developers followed, timely warn developers.


2: (Color) color to use properly, follow the principle of contrast:. .


1: uniform tone, software types, and user's work environment: choose the right tone.


Such as: security software, according to industry standards, you can choose yellow, green reflects environmental protection, fashion show blue, purple, romantic performance so pale you can make people comfortable, dark background, it is not tired to do so. .


2: If you do not have their own series interface, using a standard interface you can rarely take into account this aspect, and the operating system, read the system standard color table.


3: color-blind, suffering from color amblyopia users, even with a special color or special things that focus should also use a special indicator,? Quot;!,? Emphasis, and icons. .


4: color schemes also need to test, often due to a monitor and video card problems, color each machine, should undergo a rigorous testing, different color test machine.


5: Comparison of principles to follow: use a dark background in a light-colored text, use light colored text on a dark background, blue text on a white background can easily be identified in the red background is not easy to distinguish, because there is not enough red and blue contrast, the blue and white contrasts. Except for special occasions, eliminating the use of strong contrast, gave people a sense of the color of hate. 6: the interface color to minimize the use of categories of different colors. .


Itop color maps.


Specific statistics of Fine Arts, the academic standard reference standards. Color table building, for the art in graphic design, packaging design plays a standard reference for interface designers to design control procedures, forms, color play a role in rule-based. .


3: (Resource) resource.


A colorful interactive interface, and ultimately beautiful mouse cursors, icons, and instructions picture, base maps and so on. .


1: the need to follow the uniform rules, including the establishment of the color table, the icon for steps should also be possible to form a standard, the reference to the itop outlookbar icon design standards.


2: a standard icon style, with a unified architectural layout, uniform color, contrast, color scale, and image style. .


3: base map should be in base map, use a light color, low contrast, use color sparingly.


4: icons, images should be very clearly expressed meaning, to follow common standards, or the user machine is easy to think of the object, and definitely not draw default wonderful patterns. .


5: mouse cursor style uniform, use systems standards, avoid duplication of, for example, some software in a hand with 4 different clock..


Such as: "How to create XP icons" http://www. . Microsoft. .com / china / msdn / library / dnwxp / html / winxpicons. . Asp. .


Annex: Itop outlook howto. .doc describes itop project, outlookxp method of making the style icon.


4: (Font) fonts. .


Use the unified standard font, the font select type of operating system.


Chinese standard font, "Arial", the English standard Microsoft Sans Serif does not consider the special fonts (official script, cursive, etc., you can use images to replace the special circumstances), ensure that every user to use display have been okay. .


Font size depending on the system, such as the standard font to 8 lbs, MSS font Tahoma small 5 words (9 lb) v (10.5 lb).


Uniform size of all controls to make use of the font attributes, in addition to information specific tips to enhance display exceptions. .


ITop using BCB, all controls by default uses parent font, it is not allowed to be modified to facilitate uniform adjustment.


* System property to change the font size of the treatment. .


Windows systems have a desktop settings, set large font properties, many interface designers often annoyed for this, if the design-time to follow Microsoft's standards, all with a relative size sets the size of the control, when you switch the font size, relative does not have any particular problems.


However, as is often convenient to use as a window lattice design units, lead to changes in large fonts, the layout confusing problem occurs. .


In this case, the corresponding processing: you should do.


1: Write a program automatically adjusts the size of a dot-matrix value is multiplied by the corresponding proportion. .


2: the use of dot-matrix, irrespective of the adjustment of the system font, which can reduce adjustment problems in large font. BCB/DELPHI in adopting this approach, but the inevitable result is inconsistent with the system.


5: (Text) of expression. .


Tips, help document text expression in the following guidelines:.


1: oral, polite, and more with you, please, do not use technical terms or less, to eliminate typos. .


Period 2: phrases comma punctuation marks semicolon usage, tips for more information, should be segmented.


3: a warning, information, improper use of the corresponding representation. .


4: use a unified language description, for example, a close function button, can be described as exit, return, shut down, you should be unified.


5: according to the customer using the appropriate terms of tone, such as special software that can occur are many professional users for children: This can be cordial tone, gentle, older users will be mature. The development of standards to follow. .


(6): (STYLE) of the control style, do not use error control, the control should be single-minded.


Have the designed the same style of control, without the ability to design a set of controls, use standard controls, must not be neither fish nor fowl, disorganized. .


· Do not use the error, such as a control.


TTable Button style using the function to do, take the main menu bar shows the copyright information. .


· Uniform type of control operations in the same way as, for example, double-click a control can perform certain actions, while the same control, double-click the no reflection.


* A control only do one function, do not reuse. .


Many people in order to write a program, like the one control in different circumstances do these different features available on the user's initial understanding increases degree of difficulty, only the user familiar with before interpretations. For example.


Change the red option, on the left represents a different set of parameters, may be due to the amount in order to save the control or programming, but only skilled users come back to use, in which case a solution:. .


1: grouping, use the two controls.


2: Using TABLE page to the user clear visual change. .


7: (ALIGN) control layout, the window is not crowded, press function mix control.


1: The screen can not be crowded. .


Crowded screen is hard to understand, and therefore difficult to use. Test results (Mayhew, 1992) screen overall coverage should not exceed 40%, while group Bell coverage should not be more than 62 per cent.


People look, not too crowded, not too loose. .


The entire project, unified control spacing, resize the form consistent, even in the form size the same portion of Ning may be left blank, do not break the line spacing between controls.


2: regional arrangement. .


Line control, vertical alignment, and spacing controls in basic remains consistent.


Spacing between lines the same distance by the form should be larger than Border spacing between the lines (plus the edge of blank space). .


When the screen has multiple editing area, with Visual effects and efficiency to the Organization of these regions.


3: data alignment should be appropriate. .


The description text, the English version should use Chinese full-width colon, vertical alignment, and follow the colon right on it, as in figure. Try to keep the longitudinal control width. And left-aligned.


For example, characters such as the amount of wear should be based on the decimal point alignment, or right-aligned. .


4: effective combination.


Associated controls logically should be combined to show their relevance, the contrary, any style, not Guang of the projects should be open, set in the project room, with the interval of their grouping, or use the box divided into their respective regions. .


For example: the following interface, select the search method to determine the number range represents the calling number range or scope of the called numbers, regardless of how, and accounted for.


They should be amended as follows: search mode and recording mode exchange position. To prevent users from misunderstanding. .


5: window position zoom, controls, layout:.


In order to run version of the interface does not appear, or an ugly situation, to resolve method:. .


1: fixed window size, change size, is not allowed.


2: change the size of the window, when done in Onsize control position, size accordingly. .


BCB/DELPHI VCL, the majority of the controls have the layout properties.


Some controls have alignment properties can be used to make the layout adjustment: TcustomPanel, Tmemo so test on the lower left and upper right-hand support full (Client) property, used to automatically adjust according to layout. .


Most controls have a property Anchors, inside akLeft akTop around, and if true, indicates the relative distance of each edge is changed. This can be further designed layout work.


8: (TAB ORDER) TAB order. .


Idiomatic usage, the reading order, from left to right and from top to bottom.


Tab button form control activation order, TabOrder,. . BCB / DELPHI using a form designed to set the context menu select taborder, VC in the form RES edit area using ctrl + D. .


9: (ShortcutKey & Accelerator & PopMenu) shortcuts, accelerators, and pop-up menus.


* Shortcut:. .


1: global shortcut menu described CTRL + XXX into the help list.


2: Shortcuts to help write, special instructions, and emphasized the use of training to use. .


· Accelerators:.


1: Use non-destructive default button, Enter, ESC key to the proper use of a form, there is the default accelerator, such as carriage return, said the current window is set to activate the default button action, esc that close the window. .


In the call to the default button actions and close actions should not be done when the destructive operation, to prevent user errors resulting hazards, for example, cannot delete data, and other functions of the button as the default button. When users want to commit a lot of data, the esc should be shielded, or do the exit prompt warning the user whether to save the submission.


2: to receive action must have speed control button, uniform accelerator description (& A). .


To use the keyboard combination, you can manipulate the control should have an accelerator, accelerator key defines the criteria for the first letter of the English word, if you repeat the same form the second letter and so on, the acceleration for alt + the accelerator key with a uniform approach to identify the interface, such as XXX (A) or of A wps. .XXX English under directly in the letter, identifying the underline Cancel.


Not the same as the button for the display Edit shortcuts such as control, as described in the Edit Label to display the shortcut keys. .


· Pop-up menu.


Auxiliary menu must have a visual interface on the corresponding button or menu option. .


As a secondary menu consists of a user clicking a mouse around key actions to reduce or else it will be displayed to the user. Cannot be clearly displayed to the user, so the corresponding options should be available through other channels, such as the interface on the appropriate control or eject the right-click menu of buttons, etc..


10: (ACTION) user interaction. .


1: disable instead not visible.


Sometimes allowed to make a feature sometimes does not allow users to use, then this control can not just hide, disable attribute that should be used to prevent users find the missing after the control represent the wealth of no policy. .


2: the location you want to clear the window pops up.


Click on a control, pop-up window or menu, it should give clear tips, the minimum requirement is covered by just click on the location, allowing users to easily jump to the new interface. .


3: implementation of the action to tip.


The user with a visual experience while writing the program when the user should pay attention to the interaction experience, UI as a tool for man-machine dialogue, the user has done anything, should give the user a visual or auditory, tactile prompts. And this tip line should be obvious, but should not prompt too long, you can have the following ways:. .


When the user clicks the button, the action for a while:.


1: interactive dialog box pops up asking the user to confirm. .


2: change the UI control parameter prompt: (processing without user confirmation, a certain delay, or clear the automatically after the user presses a key. ) 。.


Such as: change the title bar of the string, display "message: submit success", or set up a special status bar, TLable used for other tips. .


3: auditory cues:.


In determining a sound card, the user can hear the sound of the time, issued a special voice prompts. General as an important aid tips. Sound should not be too long for emergency error should short, the higher the frequency, success tips should be soothing, relaxing. Etc ... .... .


11: (HELP): online help.


When do you want to help, and when not to help. .


1: the system default, industry-standard controls do not need to specifically describe, you only need to be described for special control 2: special actions, special function interface, add the controls in the interface connected directly to the corresponding HELP file.


3: special set to detail, the interface should be clear and concise statement with the explanation, or easy to use Tiptool, by the second step to help. .


Help document:.


Structured, divided by function modules. .


You must describe what can function in the software implementation.


Help file is to help users make better use of the software, the wording should be appropriate, simple, easy to understand, every sentence should have purpose, to help users solve the problem. .


Help file is not an advertisement, commercial software is not allowed to advertise. Description of company information is intended for the convenience of the users have no way of after-market support, Web connectivity, email address, phone number, do not allow null and void.


12: clarify the rules when issued. .


On unity for deals and typical description, placed in the HELP and user manuals, plus a glossary.


Appendix:. .


Artists involved: and when.


Graphic interface landscaping as key personnel, not only has art and design, packaging design can also be interspersed throughout the project, interface programmers to make the system reference. .


Stage 1: software design, the artists involved in the analysis of requirements, similar software interface disadvantages, the main tone, the idea of typical interface style, as well as the entire art packaging, etc..


2: The interface prototype design process, together with the developer revised the ultimate expression of style discussion, and the establishment of UI standards. .


3: program development, provides a standard style resource files (bmp, cur, icon, etc), and summarize consistent style resources in the design process, the formation of normative documents *.


4: products in the community, to help make help file, website style and participation in production, with production of promotional pictures, animation, product packaging, posters. .


Interface design for test code.


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Interface design for test code.


Interface testing. .


Interface testing (red mane Mustang) author: flowingice.


I have summarized the work of some of the interface design and test specifications, and share. Interface design and testing rules. .


Interface is a software and user interaction, the most direct layer determines the user interface of the software first impression. But a well-designed interface to guide the user to own complete the appropriate action, has played the role of the wizard. At the same interface as the human face, with a direct advantage to attract users. A well-designed interface gives users the feeling of relaxation and a feeling of success, but rather because of the failure of interface design, so that users are frustrated, practical and powerful features are possible in the user's fear and abandon the reopening. Current design of the interface caused by software designers the extent of the attention is not enough, until recently, the rise of web production, only by experts alike. And well-designed interface, the United States because of the need to have artistic talent but were refused. .


Current popular interface has three methods: multiple forms, single-form and Explorer-style, that style, the following rules should be respected.


1: Ease of use:. .


The button name should be easy to understand, do away with the exact term, not the wording of the two can be astonished with the same interface on the other buttons are easy to distinguish, at man know best. Ideally users do not have access to help get the interface functions and related delivered correctly *.


Ease of use Conditions:. .


1): complete the same or similar function button Frame boxes, common buttons to support shortcuts.


2): the completion of the elements of the same functions or tasks on the central location, reducing the distance the mouse. .


3): the feature will divide the local-area interface of the Frame box block is enclosed, and the function of the description or title.


4): interface to support the keyboard auto-browse button function, which is the automatic switching by Tab key function. .


5): an interface should be entered and important information in the Tab order of controls should be in the front, the location should be placed in a visible window on location.


6): the same interface on the control number is best not more than 10, more than 10 pages when you can consider using the interface display. .


7): paging interface to support the shortcut to switch between pages, and common shortcut key combinations Ctrl + Tab.


8): Enter the default button and choose to support the operation automatically after the press Enter button corresponding to the default action. .


9): writeable control detects an illegal should give instructions and automatically have the focus.


10): Tab key in the order and control in the order should have been present, the overall prevalence from top to bottom, while the way from left to right between the lines. .


11): check boxes and option box press the down arrow to select the probability of high end and chronologically.


12): check box and option box should be the default option, and support the Tab options. .


13): number of options when you use the same options box instead of a drop-down list box.


14): the interface space is small, the drop-down box instead of using the option box. .


Option 15): called when using the option box, on the contrary, use the drop-down list box.


16): highly specialized software to use the relevant terminology, universal interface will promote the use of generic words eye. .


2: normative:.


Tong Chang Windows interface by interface design specifications are to design, which includes the "menu bar, toolbars, tool box, the status bar, scroll bar, right shortcut menu" of standard format, can be said: the higher the degree of standardization of the interface Zunxun, then accordingly, the better ease of use. Generally do not provide software tools for small car. .


Normative rules:.


1): commonly used menu commands have shortcut. .


2): complete the same or similar function in menu underline other open in the same location.


3): the menu icons can be directly in front of the representatives to complete the operation. .


4): menu depth General requirements for a maximum of 3 storeys, in the control.


5): Toolbar requires the user's requirements can choose Custom. .


6): the same or similar function in the toolbar.


7): Each button on the toolbar to have timely reminder. .


8): a maximum length of the toolbar cannot exceed the screen width.


9): tool bar icon can directly representative to complete the operation. .


10): System common toolbar set default placement position.


11): the toolbar is too large, consider using a tool compartment. .


12): tool box to increase or decrease of available, the user's own customized according.


13): tool compartment of the default total width of the screen width should not exceed 1 / 5. .


14): the status bar to display the user actually needs information, commonly used are:.


The current operation, system status, user location, user information, prompts, error messages, etc., if an operation requires a longer time, it should display a progress bar and process tips. .


15): the length of the scroll bar to display the information length or width of timely transformation in order to facilitate the users to know the location of the information displayed and percentage.


16): the height of status bar to place five good character is appropriate, the width of the scroll bar slightly narrower than the status bar. .


17): menus and tool bars to have clear limits; menu requires protruding so that the removal tool bar there is the icing on the cake.


18): Menu and status bar in the commonly used 5 fonts. Toolbar menu to be generally higher than wide, but not too wide, otherwise look very coordinated. .


19): right-click a shortcut menu with the menu of the same criteria.


3: Help Facilities:. .


The system should provide detailed and reliable help documentation, user generate confusion is able to find a solution.


Help facility Conditions:. .


1): to help document performance introduction and instructions to complete the system performance. (Our system help documentation is the ancestor of the system, during the period difficult).


2): packaging the new system, made the modifications on the document to be done to help the appropriate changes. .


3): to provide timely call system help function. Common F1.


4): at the interface should be called to help locate a timely manner with the help of the relative position of the operation. That help should be targeted immediately. .


5): the best available current popular online help format or in HTML Help format.


6): Users can use keywords to help search index to be of help, of course, should also help keywords. .


7): If you do not provide writing help documentation, the best print help function.


8): In the help should be provided technical support to our approach, once the users themselves can easily be difficult to find new ways to help. .


4: rationality:.


Diagonal screen, the location of the user look directly at the intersection where, just above a quarter of office as easy to attract the attention of the location of the user, the form in place should pay attention to using these two locations. .


Details: rationality.


1): the parent form or the center of the main form the focus should be near the diagonal. .


2): subform on the main form in the upper-left corner or Center.


3): multiple sub-form pop-up should shift to the right turn to show the form the title is appropriate. .


4): it is important to use a command button and buttons that you want to place in a high position on the interface.


5): error caused by using the easy exit or close button in the interface should not be placed in vulnerable positions. Horizontal and vertical at the beginning or end point of the final location for the trade. .


6): and not related to ongoing operations should be screened for the button (in Windows, grey, couldn't use the button).


7): can not recover data that may cause the operation to provide confirmation information to the user to give up choice. .


8): illegal entry or * for the prompt instructions.


9): The problems during the operation caused the wrong place to have prompted the user to understand the error source, to avoid the formation of an indefinite wait. .


10): tips, warnings, or errors in the description should be clear, straightforward and proper.


5: beautiful and coordination:. .


Interface should fit aesthetic point of view, feel comfortable, in a coordinated and effective range of the user's attention.


Beautiful and coordination rules:. .


1): aspect ratio close to gold points, and avoid the aspect ratio of the width, or length is exceeded.


2): the layout should be reasonable, not too dense, they are not open, rational use of space. .


3): the size of the button is similar to basic, jiyong is too long to avoid consuming too many interface location.


4): button size and interface to the size and space to reconcile. .


5): avoid open interface put a lot of buttons.


6): After placing complete control interface, the vacancy should not be a great location. .


7): the size of the font size to the interface, typically using the ratio of the font Arial 9-12 more aesthetic appearance, rarely used in excess of 12 fonts.


8): with a reasonable prospect of co-ordination with the background color, contrast should not be too great, the best use of dark colors, such as red, green and so big. Consider using Windows interface used color tone. .


9): If you use a different color, the primary color to soft, approachable and magnetic, firmly to eliminate harsh colors.


10): The main color used large systems have "# E1E1E1", "# EFEFEF", "# C0C0C0" and so on. .


11): the interface to the word's size, colors, fonts, to the same need for art, unless it is processed or where there are special requirements.


12): If the form is to support minimize and maximize or enlarge, the controls on the form with the form and scale should be; avoid the expense of form only to enlarge the zoom control. .


13): the interface containing the button should not support scaling in General, that is, until you close the upper-right corner.


14): Usually when the parent form to support scaling, sub-scale form is not necessary. .


15): If you are able to provide a custom user interface, the user's own choice of colors, fonts, etc..


6: Menu Location:. .


The menu is the interface of the most important element, the menu location in accordance with the functionality of the organization.


Menu set test conditions:. .


1): menu usually uses the "common-major-minor-tools--help" position, in line with popular Windows style.


2): commonly used in the "File", "Edit", "view" and so on, almost every system has these options, of course, depending on the system trade-offs. .


3): drop-down menu to the menu option means, and in accordance with certain rules, separated by dashes.


4): a group has requested use of the menu or wizard role, should be in chronological order. .


5): no order requires the use of the menu items according to the frequency and importance, commonly used in the beginning, not the common position rearward; important in the beginning, the minor's place in the back.


6): If the menu option more, the menu should be used extending the length of the principle of reducing the depth arrangement. .


7): menu depth General requirements for a maximum of 3 storeys, in the control.


8): A commonly used menu commands have shortcut methods, combination principle is 8. .


9): the actions unrelated to the menu you want to use shielding way, if you use dynamically loaded way — that is, only need to display the menu — the best.


10): the menu icon should not be too much before, and the word has been high to keep the best. .


11): the width of the main menu to close the word should not be more than four, the number of words in each menu can be the same as the best.


12): the number of the main menu should not be too much, the best single-row layout. .


7: unique:.


If we blindly follow the industry's interface standards, will lose their individuality. . In the framework of the case meet the above specification, design your own unique interface is particularly important. Especially in the commercial software has a good flow of migration Mohua advertising effectiveness. .


1): the installation interface should share or products, and has its own icon.


2): the main interface, it is better to have company most of the interface icons. .


3): login interface to a mark of this product, while at the same time contains company icon.


4): Help menu in the "About" in the proper copyright and product information. .


5): the company's range of products to keep always interface, such as background color, fonts, menu arrangement, icon, the installation process, the button should be broadly terminology, etc..


8: shortcut combination. .


In the menu and use the shortcut buttons you can let the users prefer to use keyboard for faster * in Spanish Windows and application software to use the shortcut keys are consistent.


Menu:. .


1): transaction-oriented combination:.


Ctrl-D to delete; Ctrl-F to find; Ctrl-H Replace; Ctrl-I insert; Ctrl-N new record; Ctrl-S Save Ctrl-O to open. .


List: 2):.


Ctrl-R, Ctrl-G orientation; Ctrl-Tab window, the next page or reverse order visit the same page controls;. .


Edit: 3):.


Ctrl-A Select All; Ctrl-C copies; Ctrl-V paste; Ctrl-X Cut; Ctrl-Z Undo * for; Ctrl-Y to resume * to. .


4) file *:.


Ctrl-P to print; Ctrl-W close. .


5): the system menu.


Alt-A paper; Alt-E Editor; Alt-T tool; Alt-W window; Alt-H help. .


6): MS Windows reserved key:.


Ctrl-Esc task list; Ctrl-F4 close the window; Alt-F4 end of the application; Alt-Tab for the next application; Enter the default button / confirmed * as; Esc Cancel button / cancel * for; Shift-F1 context sensitive help. .


Button:.


Can be adjusted according to system needs, the following is commonly used in combination. .


Alt-Y determine (is); Alt-C cancelled; whether Alt-D delete Alt-N;; exit; Add Alt-Q Alt-A; edit; Alt-B browse Alt-E; Alt-R reading; Alt-W wrote.


These shortcuts can also be a development of Chinese language software standards, but it can also use the Pinyin initials. .


9: security considerations:.


At the interface in the following ways to control the error probability, the system will greatly reduce human error caused due to user damage. Developers should be as thorough consideration to all possible problems, so that errors may be minimized. Protection such as application errors occur out of the system, this error the most likely to lose confidence in users of the software. Because it means that the user wants to interrupt thoughts and time consuming re-login, and have been carried out * Save for the absence of any and all lost. .


Security rules.


1): The most important is to exclude suspended may make application of non-normal errors. .


2): it should be noted that, as far as possible to avoid an unsuspecting user inputs invalid data.


3): The value of the relevant control limit the type of user input. .


4): when the user make a choice of only two possibilities, you can use checkbox.


5): When the choice may be a bit more, you can use check boxes, each option is valid, the user can enter any valid choice. .


6): when the options are many, you can use a list box, drop-down list box.


7): In an application, developers should avoid unauthorized users or no significance to the operation. .


8): may cause a fatal error or system error input characters or action to limit or shield.


9): The operation may have serious consequences, remedies. Remedial measures by the correct user can return to its original state. .


10): on some special symbol input, and the system is using signed conflict of characters such as judge and block user input to the characters.


11): the best support on the operation of reversible error handling, such as canceling the series of operations. .


12): input validation characters before should block users only enter before you.


13): The longer the waiting time may cause to be provided * cancel functions. .


14): special characters often;; ' "> <,｀‘：“［”｛、\|｝］+=)-(_*&&^%$#@!~,。.?> /There are spaces.


15): reserved characters used with the system of conflict should be limited. .


16): reads the information entered by the user, select whether to remove the spaces before and after.


17): Some read into the database field does not support the middle of space, but users need to enter the intermediate real space, this time to be addressed in the program. .


10: more Windows application and system resources.


Well-designed software, not only a fully functional, but also to take up to a minimum possible resources. .


1): in a multiple window systems, some of the interfaces requested must be kept at the highest level, to avoid users when more than one window is open, switch or even minimize other Windows to display the window.


2): the main interface loaded automatically discharged after the memory give up occupied by WINDOWS system resources. .


3): close all form, after the exit to the release of all system resources, unless it is needed the system running in the background.


4): to prevent the exclusive use of the system. .


28-Aug-2004 11: 31.


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The user interface.


Winter 2002 glory. .


We prepared for the most software has a user interface through which to achieve human-machine interaction. Interface design is a University asked.


There is a popular saying that the master code is the interface master may not, I do not agree. So far, I know the code master, but also all interface expert. For those who claim "I am only willing to write the core code, the interface is not interested in" the so-called code expert, I suspect such people is almost certain to write well, or simply could not write that "arrogant" in the code. .


I have never met any interface done very in place but the code is badly written. Generally speaking, a programmer to code level and his interface standards are consistent. If your code and interface level, I suggest you strengthen your weaknesses. The code is well written, the interface is bad, don't do better than that of the interface, the code is written poorly, the better.


Do you believe that a software interface looks a mess, the internal code is very organized, sophisticated, robust and efficient it? . .


If you develop a Windows environment, Microsoft defines a set of known as the "user experience" reference specification (of course, the "user experience" of content beyond the narrow "user interface"). This specification for menus, buttons, icon, forms, shortcut keys, the message box and text and other interface elements designed to give you a set of recommendations. If not writing games and things like that, there is no reason not to refer to this specification.


Here is what I've seen some of the bad user interface styles:. .


Excessive use of strange, colourful control. These interfaces are often comes from passion and ideas of the novice. It is tempting to think of the last child of the rural population in red, and green pants girl, or a street painting today face of niuyangge aunt.


Interface elements of proportion. I have seen buttons huge and its size even more than an important part of the text boxes display interface. .


Interface elements. For example, buttons and text boxes are placed at random, which is equivalent to the living room, bedroom, bathroom and when when the kitchen.


Contrary to usage. You press F1, it does not pop-up help, but the implementation of an action is absolutely beyond your expectation. .


Message box information vague and confusing. The following is a software pop-up message box. The "OK" and "Cancel" to "Yes" and "no" will not be more clear if our emotions and some? just for a form, into a "want" and "don't want", the better.


There is also a bad user interface, very powerful at first glance, in practice, the result of a lack of planning. .


The software itself does provide a relatively complex functionality, but which is the commonly used functions, which are rarely used in advanced features, the lack of evaluation. What features are packed into the interface, which is not that the user will find boring, would run away.


For this software, the default interface should only show the features most commonly used target user, 至于 Dao-used advanced features can "hide" them, for example, put the menu inside, Bu Yao Du Zuochenganniu placed Jiemian on. Really need to need these advanced features, then users will naturally look to the menu's. .


In this context, Microsoft Office software is exemplary. For example, writing "a Word from the agent diploma" poles "dog skin cream" to writing serious long monumental, and ease. For lower-level users, it is simple to use, for advanced users who want functionality. The software interface is very high quality.


Advanced digital cameras like those who like the simple operation can "fool" the camera match. The press of a button you can make your all wishes come true, just smart enough to explain it. .


In a Word, would you like to use interface with confusing stuff left and right to see and do not know where to start software?.


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Software interface design related to the introduction. .


The interface is designed to meet the needs of specialized software standardization resulting from the use of the software interface design optimization standardized rehabilitation branch. Includes software to start cover design, software design, the button design panel design, menu design, label design, icon design, scroll bars, and status bar design, installation design, packaging and merchandising.


In the design process more attention to key issues, the following points are listed:. .


(1) software boot cover design.


Should enable the software to enable the cover of the end for the high-resolution images, such as the software required to start the cover of different platforms, operating systems use different formats to consider a change, and on the use of color should not exceed 256 colors, the best security for the 216 color color. Cover more than the size of the software for the mainstream launch monitor resolution of 1 / 6 large. Series software will be considered if the overall design of the unity and continuity.In the above should be visible in the callout or support of company logos, product trademarks, software name, version number, website, copyright notices, serial numbers and other information, to set up the software image, user-friendly or buyers in the software startup when prompted. Illustrations should be used with independent copyright, symbolic, identifying high good effect, Visual communication, the use of graphics, photography by digital processing to create personalized features of the software.


(2) software framework design. .


Software architecture design is much more complex, because it involves the use of software, the software program and using more familiar, which requires designers to follow up with a certain degree of software experience, quickly learning software products and software products, and the program developer and application objects to communicate together, to design a friendly, unique, consistent with the principles of software application development framework. Software framework design should be simple and neat, minimize the use of unnecessary decoration, should be considered to save screen space, the size of the various resolutions, the principles of the state and the time scale, and for the future design of the buttons, menus, labels, scroll bar and status bar placeholder. Design will be reasonable with the overall color combination, the software mark prominently on the main menu should be placed on the left or top, the scroll bar on the right, on the status bar below to meet the visual process and user psychology. .


(3) software button design.


Software button design should be interactive, that is, there should be three to six kinds of status effects: when clicked state; mouse but not click on the above state; click the mouse not on top when the former state; clicks the mouse is not on the above When the state; not click when the state; independent status automatically changes. Button should have the effect of simple icons, users should be able to produce functional response associated, within the button group should be unified style, function buttons should be big differences between different. .


(4) software face design.


Software design should have the zoom panel, the panel should be clear division of functional range, it should be and dialog, pop-up box and other styles match, try to save space, switch easily. .


(5) menu design.


Menu design are generally selected and not selected, the left should be the name of the shortcut keys on the right should be, if there should be lower the lower menu arrow symbols, different functions should be separated with a line. .


(6) a label design.


Label design should be noted that some of the changes in the corner, the state may refer to the button. .


(7) icon design.


Not more than 64 color icon design color, size 16x16, 32x32 two, the icon design is loss to art, should be focused on considering the visual impact, it needs to show in a small range of software content, so many icons designer icon simple color, use of color and dot the eyes of the mixing room, and made many wonderful icons. .


(8) the scroll bar and status bar design.


Scroll bar mainly to fixed-size space on the regional volume change in the content design, should be up and down arrows, scroll standard, and some have flip standard. Status bar to display the current state of software and tips. .


(9) the design of the installation process.


Installation process are primarily designed to beautify the software installation process, including the icon of the software functionality. .


(10) the packaging and merchandising.


Final software product packaging should consider protecting software products, functional integration in the beautiful publicity, you can print part of the product introduction, product interface design. .


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Icon design. .


Digital design introduces a new style of icon design. The following is to design and create a style icon of specific norms.


Icon style should be fun, colorful and full of energy, because the present system is 32-bit icon support icon, and the edges are smooth. In the vector drawing program, after completion of each icon, and then Adobe Photoshop image processing can be more perfectly. This specification is written specifically for designers. In creating the image, it is recommended you work with a high level of graphic designers, especially those with extensive experience in vector and 3D graphics software designers. .


Icon design overview is intended to enable you to become familiar with the new style of WindowsXP, ready to create the icon.


Icon style properties. .


(1) colorful appearance on WindowsXP..


(2) characteristics of different angles and perspective adds a dynamic vitality for the image. .


(3) of the element's corner is very soft and slightly rounded.


(4) light source in the upper left corner of the icon, while a light illuminates around the rest of the icon. .


(5) the gradient effect makes the icon with the icing on the cake, which in turn makes the icon's appearance more fullness.


(6) projection to make the icon more contrast and dimension. .


(7) to add a profile can make the image clearer.


(8) daily objects (such as computers and equipment) of individuals with more modern appearance. .


Icon size.


Windows XP icons in four sizes, recommended the following four sizes:. .


(1) 48 × 48 pixels.


(2) 32 × 32 pixels. .


(3) 24 × 24 pixels.


(4) 16 × 16 pixels. .


Icon color depth support.


WindowsXP 32-bit icon. 32 icon for 24-bit image with 8-bit alpha channel. To make the icon very smooth edges, and blend with the background. .


Every WindowsXP icon should contain the following three color depth to support different monitor display settings:.


24-bit image with 8-bit alpha channel (32). .


8-bit images (256 colors), and 1-bit transparency color.


4 image (16 colors), plus a transparent color. .


The color palette.


Icon in the main colors used. .


Object's perspective and grouping.


WindowsXP style icon perspective grid used: Not all objects use the 16 × 16 complex images can be obtained better results. Visual images of certain objects usually show: the document icon, the symbol icon (such as warning or information icons), a single object icon (such as a magnifying glass). .


Unless you create overlapping secondary object can be more clearly the meaning of icons, readability and completeness, or use intuitive image. You should also consider how to view the icon as a group, in order to determine how to group objects.


Projection. .


Using the projection, WindowsXP icon will become clearer and more icing on the cake. You can in Photoshop to achieve this effect, this guide later described. If you want to add a drop shadow to the image, double-click the image in Photoshop's layer and select Drop Shadow. And then set the Angle to 135, Distance changed to 2, the Size is changed to 2. This projection is 75% opaque black.


Contour. .


Draw the XP style icon when you add a profile for the image to make it more clear, and ensures that the image on a different background color has a better effect.


Concept. .


Design icon, consider the following factors:.


Use has been to ensure the true expression of the concept of the user's thoughts. Consider the icon in the user interface environment in what form and how to use as part of the icon set. Consider the cultural background graphic. Avoid the use of icons of letters, words, hands or face. Must use the icon or user, please make it popular as possible. If the icon in the image formed by a number of objects, you should consider how to make the image smaller. Proposed the use of objects in the icon is not more than three. The size of 16 × 16, can also consider removing some of the objects or simplifying the image to make it more easily identifiable. .


The transparency tool.


Will Gif Movie Gear (GMG) to open a dialog box, which displays your icons. Using suction tool click the icon background color. This color will change to lime green (or in the GMG color selected for a transparent background color). Repeat for all 4-bit and 8-bit frame. To save the icon, choose File-> Save Icon As. ..


Create a toolbar.


In addition to Windows toolbar icon does not use projection, the use of other icon with the same style. As the tool bar icon is very small, it is recommended that you use a simple image. If the visual image can be displayed clearly express the meaning of the icon, you do not use other complicated methods. .


Create AVI.


WindowsXP using 8-bit AVI. Create. . Avi file of the process and the process of creating the same icon - the image in Photoshop, ready, and then drag it to GMG in. Please click the following guidelines to create 8-bit icon. To use the GMG save AVI, go to File-> Export As-> AVI file. .


When you create. .avi file, consider the following factors: use magenta (R255 G0 B255) as the background color. In Photoshop, the important point is not a stray pixels. Please fill capacity is set to 0, and confirm the cancellation of anti-aliasing is not selected.


Software Interface. .


================================================================================================================ 。.


UI is User Interface (UI) for short. UI design refers to the software's user interface, operating logic, interface, the overall design aesthetic. Good UI design is not only to the software to become a personality with taste and let them become comfortable operating the software, simple and free, fully reflect the location and characteristics of the software. .


Beautiful things can often be overwhelming. This is why the product excellent designs for computers, cars, household products, furniture, food, clothing, and so on almost all merchandise sales and marketing, has a decisive role in the cause.


By the same token, the software companies, software products that their goods, while the software interface is the appearance of their products, the beauty of the interface is directly related to the success of software product marketing. .


We can clearly see, Microsoft software interface design. Recall the first time I saw win2000 and compared with nt4. .0 are amazed he interface appearance and ease of use and if you use the? too xp system, you can make the magic of the concept of sensory shocked amazed! kingsoft powerword company is a successful example of domestic software, from kingsoft 3. .0 to powerword 2001 changes is classic. The famous flash Web animation software from 4 to 3. .0. 0, only the modified icons and forms, and immediately greatly add to the excitement .... .


Today's world, a successful software company attaches great importance to the landscaping software interface design work, because they knew, in the fierce market competition, the only powerful functionality is not enough, enough to win over a strong opponent. We can look you in the selection of mobile phone, if you have two phone, properties are the same, but the first than the second paragraph to beautiful lot, then you will choose which of course is beautiful? "in the paragraph. Just imagine, your customers will get you and your competitor's software to do such comparisons.


Software companies now know that advertising and marketing activities on the role of marketing is very important, and spare no effort to advertise, do activities, to promote the park. But we know that the ultimate goal of these activities is to allow users to buy and use software products, end-use customers is your product, then why not the aesthetics of the software interface of more effort? Such as household appliances, automobiles, computers and other mature markets, with a very fine ad to promote a kind of an ugly but extremely powerful product, is a joke. However, such a joke it actually common in the software industry.This is the same as the Chinese football, China's software industry and the foreign presence compared to a very large gap.


Practice has proved that the beauty products business as long as the design of a small investment, will have an output. The input-output ratio than in the functional development of the input lead of much. .


The user software to buy back their and your corporate contact, or your corporate image in the eyes of the customer, in large part through your software interface to convey, you elegant and friendly user interface for the publicity of your corporate culture to educate your customers and the enterprise concept of publicity for your business operation will be very useful. Especially if your company is to project contract forms of business, whether in the bidding, or for use in project delivery, beautiful interface will give your customers confidence and good impression.


To become a competitive software, not only have strong features, but also need to have a friendly interface design. In today's it industry, its software interface design trends in general There are several technologies:. .


1. Command language, user interface development.


According to the characteristics of their language, and human-computer interaction into the form. .


a。. Formal language.


b. . Natural language. .


c。. Class natural language.


2. . Graphical user interface widely used. .


Graphical user interfaces and human computer interaction process greatly rely on Visual and manual control, with a strong direct manipulation features.


3. . Direct manipulation user interface technology to mature. .


The final concern is the user to control and manipulate objects, he only cares about the task of semantic rather than too much computer semantic and syntactic distractions. For a large number of physical and geometric space, as well as images of tasks directly manipulate have shown tremendous advantages.


4. . Multimedia user interface and multi-channel user interface greatly enriched the development of computer information manifestations. .


5. The application of virtual reality technology.


Virtual reality system provides users with immersive (immerse) and multimodal (multi-sensory) experience, as a new form of human-computer interaction, virtual reality technology than any previous form of human-computer interaction have hoped to achieve complete harmony to "people-centered" man-machine interface. .


Software in the form of a standard human-machine interface.


> Menu interface design. .


1 Overview of the menu interface.


2 menu interface of the semantic organization. .


3 menu interface style.


> Data input interface design. .


1 interaction principles and methods of input.


2 Enter interface design guidance. .


> Direct manipulation and WIMP interface design.


2 features a direct manipulation interface. .


3.


4 window. .


> Interactive input output interface device.


An interactive input interface device. .


2 interactive output interface device.


> Response time and display rate. .


> Help and error interface design.


An error processing analysis. .


2 help with system design.


3 error handling design. .


Software interface design.


> Minimized. .


> System menu.


> Apple menu. .


> Customize toolbar.


> Finder. .


> Font.


> Search. .


> Menu design.


> Running process shows. .


> Scroll bar.


> Button design. .


Icon design.


> Software interface in the icon design. .


1 the classification of software icon.


2 icon design. .


> Web interface in icon design.


Color. .


> Color.


> Color production. .


> The properties of the color.


> Color harmony and color matching. .


> Tones.


> Color. .


> Tonal feeling.


> Psychological feelings. .


> Color legend.


> Computer color. .


> Color design of the hardware interface.


> Software design with color. .


> Color design software.


> Web color design. .


Man-machine interface design test.


> Test the significance of human-computer interface design. .


> Design guidelines.


> Human Machine Interface testing. .


> Interface design test.


An interface design were presented. .


2 interface design test forms.


3 Design of test method. .


> Hardware interface design test.


A simple test method. .


2 ranking score.


3 Functional Testing Method. .


4 score.


5 Image Scale. .


> Software interface design for usability testing.


An observation. .


2 prototype testing method.


3 Advisory Act. .


4..


5 experiment. .


6 entry test method.


Display interface design. .


> Number of display interface design.


> Character type display interface design. .


> Alarm signal and display interface design.


> Re-type show interface design. .


> Letter design.


> Sign design. .


> Pointer design.


> Control interface design. .


> Coding and design.


> Display and Control Design of coordination. .


> Centralized control display control interface design.


> View and control area. .


> Man-machine systems and interface design.


On the GB18030 Chinese character encoding standard set. .


Http://tech. .com .cn .sina.. 2001/07/26 ccidnet-China forest Ning.


Master of Economic Management of Tsinghua University, Ministry of Electronics Standardization Institute's deputy director, National Information Technology Standardization Technical Committee Deputy Secretary-General to undertake the standardization of a number of national projects and has published many writings. .


GB18030-2000 national standard for information interchange ideogram basic set to expand "is following the GB2312-1980 and GB13000-1993 after the most important Chinese character encoding standard, is the future of China's computer systems must follow one of the fundamental standards. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the standards, the General Administration will be 1 September was the first to influence a wide range of computer operating system, where the inspection does not conform to the standard products, considered to be non-conforming products. To this end, the National Information Technology Standardization Technical Committee will be based on relevant standards and norms, organizations, the dominant operating system standard compliance testing products. .


Inspection requirements and standards.


1. . Shall be subject to detection range of products. .


GB18030 is a information products must comply with the basic standards, taking into account a number of objective reality, taken from basic, step-by-step implementation of the strategy. This product must be tested as follows: in the range.


● products subject to the standard personal computer operating system compliance testing, and other products temporarily to do requirements;. .


● All GB 18030 release date (March 17, 2000) before the official release or the factory's products, as a historical product, not in GB 18030 falls within the scope of supervision and inspection;.


● 17 March 2000, after an updated version of the historical product as a new product or upgrade version of the treatment;. .


● All GB 18030 transition implementation (i.e., 17 March 2000 to 31 August 2001) officially released or the factory's products, shall conform to GB 18030 related requirements. Does not meet the standard requirements of the product should take remedial measures to achieve compliance with the relevant requirements. Remedial measures should be supported by the national information technology Standardization Technical Committee of accreditation;.


● all the GB 18030 of the transition period (ie August 31, 2001) or the factory after the official release of the products must meet the relevant requirements of GB 18030. .


2. with regard to standards compliance test.


In line with the implementation of GB 18030, information processing product standard compliance testing center (located in the Ministry of Electronics Standardization Institute) launched a GB 18030 preparation of the test, and a number of domestic and foreign products were tested. .


In order to guide standard implementers along in the right direction as soon as possible on the product information for GB 18030, handling product conformance test center in November 2000 presented to the GB standard compliance testing 18030 specifications ". The detection code to detect the use of the software and hardware environment, testing requirements, test procedure, applicable to a clear and detailed requirements.


Detection of the general requirements are as follows:. .


? Integrity: vocabulary vocabulary range of products should be the standard GB 18030 all characters to glyphs;.


● System accuracy: Product must be able to correctly identify and handle in accordance with the national standard GB 18030 encoded text file. .


Note: the detection range does not include embedded systems, such as PDAs, cell phones; single-byte encoding of the currency symbol is not within the scope of the inspection; the operating system to check the focus in the near future.


3. . On the support of ethnic minority languages. .


● Product support ought to have provided my GB 18030 minority language encoding space capacity;.


● The products are sold to ethnic minority areas in China, to encourage installation of local minority fonts and input methods. .


4. development of standards in accordance with international practice.


GB 18030 contains 27,484 Chinese characters, the total code space more than 1.5 million yards place to resolve place names provide a program with the word problem for Chinese Studies, Ancient Books and other areas of the basis of a unified information platform. .


At present, China's most computer systems still use GB 2312 encoding. GB 2312 GB 18030 and can be traced to better solve the old system to the new system conversion issues, and renovation costs is relatively small. From our information technology and information industry development point of view, taking into account the needs of our users and their existing system compatibility and support for multiple operating systems, using the current GB 18030 is the better choice, but GB 13000. .1 more applicable to future international information exchange. Taking into account the GB 18030 and GB 13000 of the compatibility issues, the standard drafting group prepared a GB 18030 and GB 13000. .1 Code mapping table, so you can freely switch between the two coding systems. At the same time, also developed the basic dot-matrix font libraries GB 18030. .


Many countries and regions from convenient local and national application, drawn up the appropriate coding standards and internal system, such as Japan's JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212, Korean KS C 5601 and KS C 5657, etc, which is internationally adopted Regulation. Develop GB 18030 equally consistent with international practice, it is fully compatible with GB 2312, vocabulary compatible GB 13000. 1, you can make full use of existing resources, to ensure compatibility between different systems to maximize the sharing of resources left for China's software industry a huge space for development. It is believed, GB 18030 will facilitate the implementation of the development of domestic software and scale, so that the Chinese information technology in China and then a higher level. .


The new standard from the evolution of the watch.


1980, China promulgated its first set of Chinese character encoding standard, GB 2312-80 "information exchange with the Chinese character set encoding basic set." The standard received a total of 6,763 commonly used Chinese characters and symbols, laid the foundation for Chinese information processing. .


As the international exchange and cooperation between, on the character set information processing application has made a number of languages, Chinese characters amount, multi-purpose of requirements. In 1993, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the ISO/IEC 10646-1 information technology-Universal multiple-octet coded character set of the first part of the architecture and basic multilingual plane. China is adopting this standard developed GB 13000. .1-1993. The standard uses a new multilingual coding system, China, Japan, Korea, 20902 characters, the encoding system for the future development direction. Because of its new coding system and Xianyou most operating systems and external devices are not compatible, so it needs to have the realization of a process, not yet fully address the urgent need of currently deployed in China. .


Taking into account the full implementation of GB 13000 pending over time, as well as GB 2312 encoding system continuity and available resources and the efficient use of the system and transition, we chose GB 2312 (GB 2311) conducted on the basis of expanded and vocabulary with GB 13000. .1 compatible programmes, the development of a new Chinese character encoding standard — a basic set of expansion, thus improving GB 2312, to meet our post, domicile, financial, geographical information systems (GIS) applications, etc..


This item has been included in the 1998 national standards plan. October 1998, by the Ministry of Information Industry e-4, Institute of Computer Technology, Peking University, Peking University Founder Group, Xintiandi company, New Century Stone Company, the CAS software, software company, Great Wall, the soft Corporation, Kingsoft Corporation and Lenovo's technical personnel standards for the drafting group.In the standard development process, national information technology Standardization Technical Committee on several occasions called standard drafting group and well-known companies on the draft standard to fully research and assessments, and invited the Microsoft Corporation, Hewlett-Packard, Sun and IBM, extensive comments. Standard drafting group after repeated authentication and, where appropriate, proposed norm-setting principles — and GB 2312 information processing interchange code corresponding to a de facto internal standards-compliant, supports GB 13000 vocabulary. 1 all in Japan, South Korea (CJK) unified Chinese characters and all the CJK characters to expand A and identify the coding system, and 27,484 Chinese characters, the formation of compatibility, scalability, looking both programs. .


The Ministry of information industry and the national quantity Technical Director Bureau on March 17, 2000 the joint publication standards GB 18030-2000 information technology information interchange ideogram basic set of expansion. The standard as a national standard mandatory date of promulgation, the transition period to 2001 to 31 August.


During the national beacon members have developed and issued, "Chinese Extension in GBK 1. .0 ", And MS Windows 9x/Me/NT/2000, IBM OS / 2 systems widely used. GB18030 is the national standards, is technically a superset of GBK, and its compatibility, therefore, GBK will end its historic mission. .


Standard techniques.


1. . The overall structure. .


Standard single-byte and double-byte and four bytes of the three ways on character encoding. Single-byte partly by GB/T 11383 coding structure and rules, use the 0 × 00 until 0 × 7F code bits (corresponds to the ASCII code of the corresponding code points). Double-byte portion of the first byte of the code points 0 × 81-0 × FE, tail byte code points are the 0 × 40-0 × 7E and 0 × 80 to 0 × FE. Some use four-byte GB / T 11383 did not use the 0 × 30 到 0 × 39 as a double-byte code suffix expansion, this expansion of the four-byte encoding, its range is 0 × 81308130 到 0 × FE39FE39. The first three bytes of encoded code bits are 0 × 81 至 0 × FE, second, four-byte encoding code points are 0 × 30 至 0 × 39. Code points overall structure shown below. .


Code points overall chart.


2. . Your characters. .


Double-byte portion of the collection includes all GB13000. .1 CJK characters 20902, the punctuation, ideographic descriptor 13, the addition of the character and radical/widget 80, double-byte encoding of the euro symbol, etc..


Part of a collection of four bytes beyond the double-byte characters, including CJK characters to expand A unified account of GB 13000. .1 All of the characters. .


GB18030 encoding space of approximately 160 million code points, the encoded characters of about 2. .6 million. Along with the Chinese characters collate and coding work continued to deepen, as well as the international standard ISO/IEC 10646, GB18030 characters are included in the new version.


"Critics recommended books." .


Citation: national network.


1. Hu listed a "secondary state therefore Books" catalog Hu (1891 ~ 1962), early study in the U.S., back in 1917, Professor of Peking University, Peking University in 1946, appointed in 1962, died in Taiwan. With the "Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy" (on paper), "try" and so on. .


1920, Hu wrote the middle course of the series "directory listing the books 31 for middle school students reading.


"Book of Songs." .


The passages.


"Analects of Confucius." .


Zhuangzi.


"Xunzi." .


Meanwhile.


"Huai Nan Zi." .


The amnesty law.


"Zuo Zhuan." .


Laozi.


"Mozi." .


The Mencius. ".


"Han Fei." .


The great election law.


"Historical Records." .


The "Ming" selected.


Du Fu. .


Bai Juyi.


Tao. .


Li Bai.


Han Yu. .


Liu Zongyuan.


Wang. .


Lu.


Ji. .


Guan hanqing.


Ouyang Xiu. .


XI.


Yang Wanli. .


Ma Zhiyuan.


2. Hu listed "is the minimum index," Tsinghua University in 1923, Hu schools to adapt to the request, open "a minimum of Chinese Classics", contains about 190 books, and later amended in accordance with its streamlined into a "real minimum Bibliography. " .


Questions and answers/Zhang Zhidong's bibliography.


Nine "Major Events." .


Lao/Lao.


Mozi Jian Gu leisure / a Summary. .


Great selection of 100 species/Zang Mao on.


Jia period / play host to spend. .


Journey to the West/Wu.


Huainan Honglie Ji Jie / Liu An. .


Dictionary of Chinese names.


Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy / Hu. .


SI Shu Han Fei-fei.


Zhou. .


The Buddha of their policies by/Kassapa friction and Zhu flange amituojing translation.


Song Learning Plan / xi. .


Wang Anshi linchuan set/.


WANG Wen-cheng Public book / Wang Shou-ren. .


Chapter real Chronicle/Hu vegetarian.


New School pseudo Classics / Kang. .


Biography of poems.


Zuo / Zuo Qiuming. .


Guo Mao Yue-set/Mrs.


Song Poems / WU Zhen, Lu remain good, Wuzi Mu compilation Lun Heng / Wang. .


Hokkekyo/translated.


Tan Jing / benefit can. .


Huang Ming Confucianism case/.


Zhu Chronicle / Wang Mao-hong. .


Introduction/Liang Qing dynasty.


Cui Dongbi suicide note / Cui. .


Selections/..


Full Tang / Pang demand so. .


Song 60 words/Jin Mao.


Opera Song Dynasty / Wang Guowei. .


The outlaws/Shi nai'an.


Scholars / Wu Jingzi. .


Dream/Cao Xueqin.


Xunzi variorum. .


3. Summary of Liang Qi-Chao minimum required reading books of Liang Qi-chao (1873 ~ 1929), modern thinkers. A young man from teacher Kang You-wei, and disciples of the Lord when described, "Kang Liang. Liang Qi-Chao's "coup" in Japan, after fleeing in Tsinghua University, school, etc, Jen librarian. Longer than the history that quite a lot. China nearly three hundred years academic history "," Introduction to Qing ", etc..


1923, Liang Ying, "Tsinghua Weekly" reporter of some, to be on the "National Study of Reading Yao Mu primer method", about 160 species. Later he was "not only complicated school classes, the special treatment" of students to streamline the books, open listing "minimum of required readings." .


The Confucian classics.


Written by (the Book of History). .


Holy rites/wear.


I / I. .


The I Ching.


The Book of Songs. .


Zhuangzi Chuang Tzu/.


Han Fei / Han Fei. .


Sima Qian's records of/in..


Later Han / Fan Ye. .


Xunzi hsun/.


Warring. .


Speeches/zuoqiu Ming.


Mo / Mo. .


Han/ban.


Of the Three Kingdoms / Chen Shou. .


Comprehensive (or comprehensive Chronicle outs).


Song to Literate. .


The songs.


The Complete Works of Li Bai / Li Bai. .


Han Han Changli set/.


White Fragrant Collection / Bai. .


Selections/..


Du Fu Collection / Du. .


Liu Zongyuan liuhe East set/.


4. "The young people who wish to study Chinese history book can prepare leisure table," Gu (1893 ~ 1980), the pioneer of historical geography and folklore, is also the founder of modern Ancient History School. He graduated from Peking University in 1920, worked in Beijing University, Fudan University School of any school. Edited the "Ancient History", "Shang Tong location" so. .


1925 Gu jiegang wrote a book containing 14 kinds of "the history of China who wish to study youth may maintain free access to the book" directory.


Shan Hai Jing. .


Encounters/Peter Liu Yi relocated.


Buddhist Records / (Don) Xuanzang. .


Song history/Wang Guowei (1877-1927) · Marco Polo travels/Marco Polo (Italy), Marco Polo · Xu Xiake/macro Cho (1587-1641) will travel in mind.


Liang Wu Shishi portrait. .


Luoyang Guan Kee/(Northern) Mr Xuan 's.


Tang Hui said. .


$ Secret (that is, the Mongols).


Tao Dream Recollection / (clear) Dai (about 1597 ~ 1679) The Peach Blossom Fan / (clear) Kong Shangren. .


Southeast Asia travel in mind.


5. Lu Xun studied Chinese literature listed in the bibliography of Lu Xun (1881 ~ 1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, writer. 1902, studied in Japan, beginner medicine, from medicine after. Returned in 1909 and has been involved in education and literature. Has been teaching at Beijing Women's Normal University, Zhongshan University, Xiamen University and other schools. Works of "Diary of a Madman", "Ah Q Story" and other well-known. .


1930, Ying Lu Xun to Hsu listed the learning Chinese literature bibliography, Book 12 species listed.


Poetry Chronicle / (Song) per active (dates unknown) in Tang Chuan / (dollars) Xinwen house (dates unknown) All ancient times Three Kingdoms Six Man / Yen can have the whole Chinese Three Kingdoms Jin Southern and Northern Poetry / Ting Fu-pao (1874 ~ 1952) Chronicle of ancient celebrities / (Ching) WANG town. .


Small room, room pen Plexus/Hu yinglin.


Si Ku Quan Shu concise catalog / Ruan Yuan. .


Encounters/Peter Liu Yi relocated.


The Corrections / (Five) will protect the king. .


Have lived outside articles/GE.


Lun Heng / (Han) Wang Chong. .


Present and future generations say/(clear) Wang Zhuo (1636-?).


6. 10 China Chinese source book titles. .


Wang bijiang (1887-1966), modern Chinese literary historian and bibliographer. Has research bibliography, etc..


Pijiang Central University in 1942 as a Chinese student list of 10 books including the "most proposal of Re," the "source book", and sometimes to the commentary, quite a lot of essence. .


Shuo/(privat) Hui Shen.


Mao Justice / (Don) Standard Interpretation. .


Book of Justice/(Tang) hole yingda.


Zi / Zi. .


Zhuangzi Chuang Tzu/.


Han / Ban. .


Mirror/Sima.


Songs of the South. .


Selections/..


Du. .


7 ? ? classic often talk about.


Qing, Beijing: Joint Publishing, September 1980 reprint. .


Zhu ziqing (1898-1948), writer and scholar. 1920 graduated from Peking University philosophy department. 1925 to Tsinghua University to teach. 1931 UK and roam the European continent. Back to teach in Tsinghua University, the Southwest, and so on. The author's shadow "," Euro tour ", literary essays on Miscellanies" poems ", etc..


This book was first published in 1940, in layman's language about important books in China, in order to inspire the reader's interest, lead them to the classic road up. One prose, poetry, literature numerous works of three due to only Syria and its origins. .


Shuo.


Book. .


The legend.


The Book of Songs. .


III..


Spring and Autumn Chuan (Mandarin attached). .


The Confucian classics.


Warring. .


Book of Han.


Thinkers. .


Fu.


Poetry. .


Text.


8. "Required reading for all Chinese people, the book" 1978, New Asia College, Chinese University of Hong Kong set up a "Ch'ien Mu Lecture academic culture", please Qian made a series of lectures. In his lecture, there are seven books Qian pointed out that "China must-read book for all people." .


Lunyu.


Mencius / Mencius. .


Lao/Lao.


Zi / Zi. .


Sixth/mercury.


Jin Si Lu / Zhu, Zuqian series. .


Impartation recorded/Wang shouren.


9. Tsinghua University, students should be reading head (human parts) Zhang Qizhi, Xu Baogeng editor. Tsinghua University, Office of Academic Affairs, College of Humanities and Social Sciences published, in September 1997. .


Book reference Tsinghua University and outside experts, for the trial of Tsinghua University undergraduate students and 80 kinds of books, including the Chinese culture, foreign culture, Chinese literature and foreign literature in four categories, each category of 20.


The Analects of Confucius. .


Mo/Mo.


The Art of War / Sun Tzu. .


Mencius mengzi/.


I / I. .


Zhuangzi Chuang Tzu/.


Zi / Zi. .


Biography · Department of speech.


Records of election / Qian a; Wang Boxiang Selected or to a new summer Selected Lun Heng / (Han) Wang Chong. .


Do not vacuum on/monk Chao.


Things Are Not Moving / (Eastern) Sengzhao. .


Shenmielun/van Zhen.


Tan Jing / benefit can. .


Zhang Zai set/Zhang Zai.


Four Books / Xi. .


Impartation recorded/Wang shouren.


Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu / xi. .


Read author of commentaries on/in..


Yan Fu / Fu. .


Ren/Tan sitong.


Sun Selection / Sun. .


The book of selected/Yu guanying injection.


Chu selection / election of Ma Mao Yuan note. .


Dynasties poetry volume/small summer and separated.


Han and Six Poems / Yu Guanying selected note. .


Three hundred Tang Soo/Sun.


Song Poems Notes / Qian selected note. .


The first song 300/gold Yao selected.


Bo / by Yu. .


CI selected/CASS Institute of literature, including the publication of classical edited guanzhi/Wu-Wu Chu wood, Keri.


Romance of Three Kingdoms / Luo Guanzhong. .


The outlaws/Shi nai'an.


Red / Cao Xueqin. .


Lu Xun's Anthology/Lu Xun.


Goddess / Guo. .


Midnight/Dun.


Home / Ba Jin. .


Camel Xiangzi/Lao.


Siege / Qian. .


Cao Cao anthology/.


Song of Youth / Yang Mo. .


Hongyan Luo Guang-bin/, Yang Yi yan.


Ai Qing Selected Poems / Ai Qing. .


Utopia/Plato.


Metaphysics / Aristotle. .


· Confession/St. Augustine.


Thought record / Pascal. .


New tools/bacon.


Spirit of the Law / Montesquieu. .


Social contract/Rousseau.


Ethics / Spinoza. .


The history of Western philosophy/Russell.


History of Science / (UK) Dampier. .


Philosophy history lectures · introduction/(Germany), the decline of Hegel's Western/Oswald Spengler, · tragedies/Friedrich Nietzsche · introduction to psychoanalysis/siegemund · Freud cultural science and natural science/(Germany), Lee Celtic on/(Germany), cassirer.


The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism / Max Weber History of Chinese scientific thought / (UK) Needham Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism / (United States) Daniel Bell from chaos to order / Prigogine. .


Boillat/(ancient Greek) Homer.


Odysseus mind / (Greek) Homer. .


Hunter/(Italy), Dante.


Don Quixote / (Spain) Miguel de Cervantes Hamlet / (UK) Shakespeare. .


Faust/(Germany), Goethe-Institut.


Jane Eyre / (UK) Charlotte Bronte Red and the Black / (France) Stendhal. .


Les Miserables/(France), Hugo.


High old man / (France) Balzac. .


Uncle Tom's cabin/(US) · Stowe Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy (Russia)/the dolls/Henrik Ibsen (Norway).


Mother / (Russian and Soviet) Gorky. .


Franz Kafka's short stories selected/(Austria) Tagore's poems, Kafka.


How the Steel Was Tempered / (Soviet Union) Nikolai Ostrovsky Snow Country / (Japan) Yasunari Kawabata. .


The old man and the sea/s Hemingway (USA); Dong hang Xun translated one hundred years of loneliness/(Colombia), Garcia · Danmarks.


10. Peking University students should choose books read. .


This mesh is the 1998 North centenary. Includes a bibliography of recommended reading, recommended readings of 30 kinds of 30 books. This bibliography by Peking University-School and out-of-50 renowned Professor recommended, they are:.


Ding Shou and (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences researcher) by Feng Yi (Peking University). .


Peter King is too (Professor).


Yong-Xing Wang (Peking University professor). .


Wang Shou Chang (Professor).


Popular culture (Peking University professors). .


Wang bin (Professor).


Tian Fang (China People's University). .


Tang Kwong Lee (Professor).


Li Yining (Peking University). .


Shi Jun (Professor of Renmin University of China).


Ye Lang (Peking University). .


Le daiyun (Professor).


Zhu Bokun (Peking University). .


Zhu de Sang (Professor).


Ren Jiyu (Beijing Library). .


Liu dream (Chinese Academy of Fellows) soup with a dielectric (Professor).


Sun Xiaoli (Peking University). .


Yin the Pharaoh (Professor).


Li Xueqin (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences research fellow) Li Jiahao (Peking University). .


Li Shin of the Chinese Academy of social sciences (CASS) yangxin (Professor).


Wu Liangyong (Tsinghua University). .


The ninth surplus (Professor).


He Ziquan (Beijing Normal University) Fangchuan (Peking University). .


Upton Kang (Chinese Academy of Sciences researcher).


ZHANG Shi-ying (Peking University). .


Nian (Professor).


Chen Qiwei (Peking University). .


Lin Geng (Professor).


Ji (Beijing University professor). .


Wood (Professor).


Zhouyi Liang (Peking University). .


Week minqiang (Professor).


Zhou Fu Cheng (Peking University). .


Pang Pu (CASS) BC Xu (Professor).


By Zhao (Peking University). .


Zhao DUN hua (Professor).


Hou Ren (Peking University). .


Fee career (Professor).


Yuan Xingpei (Peking University). .


Qianliqun (Professor).


Tang You-Qi (Peking University). .


Huang Ping (Chinese Academy of social sciences researcher) yellow Nansen (Professor).


Su White (Peking University). .


Dr. Mian (Professor).


Building strong (Peking University). .


Jo xigui (Professor).


Dai Yi (Chinese People's University). .


(1) should read: a bibliography.


Book. .


In the book.


I / I. .


Lunyu.


The Art of War / Sun Tzu. .


Mencius mengzi/.


Zi / Zi. .


Sima Qian's records of/in..


Tan Jing / benefit can. .


Classical guanzhi/Wu-Wu Chu wood, Keri.


Tang 300 / Sun-soo. .


CI 300 first annotations/Tang Hatherly annotations.


Red / Cao Xueqin. .


China nearly three hundred years academic history/Liang Qi-chao.


Selected Works of Lu Xun / Lu Xun. .


A brief history of Chinese philosophy,/Feng Guang translated to Chinese law and society/Qu tongzu.


The Republic / Plato a; Wu Xian book translation. .


Dante's Divine Comedy/; King Victor s..


Hamlet / Shakespeare was; Cao translation is not thinking of the wind recorded / Pascal a; He Zhaowu translation of the Social Contract / Rousseau; He Zhaowu translation of Critique of Historical Reason Collection / Kant book, He Zhaowu translation of John Christopher / Romain Rolland a; Fu Lei Translation History of Science / Dampier a, Yan Li translated. .


· Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels · capital (vol.)/Marx.


Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy / Engels book, Zhong-real translation of Mao Zedong, Selected Works / People's Publishing House. .


Deng Xiaoping/people's publishing house.


(2) Readings Bibliography:. .


Holy rites/wear.


Zi / Zi. .


Speeches/zuoqiu Ming.


Han Fei / Han Fei. .


Amnesty/Chong.


Of the Three Kingdoms / Chen Shou. .


Encounters/Peter Liu Yi relocated.


Liu Xie / Liu Xie. .


Litaibai set/Li.


Mirror / Sima Guang. .


Ming-yi to visit recorded/Huang.


Scholars / Wu Jingzi. .


Late/Wang Guowei.


China's Three Hundred Years of Academic History / Liang. .


Outline/Nian in Chinese philosophy.


Outline of the History State / Mu. .


The Bible.


The Wealth of Nations / Adam Smith. .


On the law of the spirit/Montesquieu.


Resurrection / Leo Tolstoy. .


The origin of species/Darwin.


Castle / Franz Kafka. .


Birds set/Tagore.


The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism / Weber Introduction Psychoanalysis / Sigmund Freud. .


The history of Western philosophy/Russell.


Historical Research / Toynbee. .


The German ideology/Marx.


From utopian to scientific socialism / Marxist philosophy notes / column. .


Excerpted from the book of choice ".


The DICOM Standard. .


This guide gives is a brief description of the DICOM standard, which is commonly used for the transfer and storage of medical images。.


An introduction to the DICOM single-file format. .


The DICOM header 。.


Window center and window width (aka brightness and contrast). .


Links to free DICOM viewers 。.


Links to free DICOM servers / clients. .


Links to sample DICOM images 。.


Links to DICOM resources. .


An introduction to the DICOM single-file format 。.


The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard was created by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to aid the distribution and viewing of medical images, such as CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound。. Part 10 of the standard describes a file format for the distribution of images。. This format is an extension of the older NEMA standard。. Most people refer to image files which are compliant with Part 10 of the DICOM standard as DICOM format files. .A complete copy of the standard (in PDF format) is avaiable for download (drafts of the standard are organized by year)。.


A single DICOM file contains both a header (which stores information about the patient's name, the type of scan, image dimensions, etc), as well as all of the image data (which can contain information in three dimensions)。. This is different from the popular Analyze format, which stores the image data in one file (*。.img) and the header data in another file (*。.hdr)。. Another difference between DICOM and Analyze is that the DICOM image data can be compressed (encapsulated) to reduce the image size. .Files can be compressed using lossy or lossless variants of the JPEG format, as well as a lossless Run-Length Encoding format (which is identical to the packed-bits compression found in some TIFF format images) . .


DICOM is the most common standard for receiving scans from a hospital。. Neuroimagers and neuropsychologists who wish to use SPM to normalize scans to stereotaxic space will need to convert these files to Analyze format. .My freeware MRIcro software will directly convert most DICOM images to and from Analyze format。. Eric Nolf's free Medcon and XMedcon software can also convert between Analyze and DICOM。.


Transfer Syntax UID. .


Definition。.


1. .2. .840. .10008. .1. .2. .


Raw data, Implicit VR, Little Endian。.


1. .2. .840. .10008. .1. .2. . X. .


Raw data, Eplicit VR。.


x = 1: Little Endian. .


x = 2: Big Endian。.


1. .2. .840. .10008. .1. .2. .4. . Xx. .


JPEG compression。.


xx = 50-64: Lossy JPEG. .


xx = 65-70: Lossless JPEG。.


1. .2. .840. .10008. .1. .2. .5. .


Lossless Run Length Encoding。.


The DICOM header. .


The Image on the left shows a hypothetical DICOM image file。. In this example, the first 794 bytes are used for a DICOM format header, which describes the image dimensions and retains other text information about the scan. .The size of this header varies depending on how much header information is stored。. Here, the header defines an image which has the dimensions 109x91x2 voxels, with a data resolution of 1 byte per voxel (so the total image size will be 19838). .The image data follows the header information (the header and the image data are stored in the same file)。.


Further down, I show a more detailed list of the DICOM header as displayed by my software. .Note that DICOM requires a 128-byte preamble (these 128 bytes are usually all set to zero), followed by the letters 'D', 'I', 'C', 'M'。. This is followed by the header information, which is organized in 'groups'. .For example, the group 0002hex is the file meta information group, and (in the example on the left) contains 3 elements: one defines the group length, one stores the file version and the third stores the transfer syntax . .


The DICOM elements required depends on the image type, and are listed in Part 3 of the DICOM standard。. For example, this image modality is 'MR' (see group: element 0008:0060), so it should have elements to describe the MRI echo time. .The absence of this information in this image is a violation of the DICOM standard。. In practice, most DICOM format viewers (including MRIcro and ezDICOM) do not check for the presence of most of these elements, extracting only the header information which describes the image size. .


The NEMA standard preceded DICOM, and the structure is very similar, with many of the same elements。. The main difference is that the NEMA format does not have the 128-byte data offset buffer or the lead characters 'DICM'. .In addition, NEMA did not explicitly define multi-frame(3D) images, so element 0028,0008 was not present。.


Of particular importance is group: element 0002:0010. . This defines the 'Transfer Syntax Unique Identification' (see the table on the left). .This value reports the structure of the image data, revealing whether the data has been compressed。. Note that many DICOM viewers can only handle uncompressed raw data。. DICOM images can be compressed both by the common lossy JPEG compression scheme (where some high frequency information is lost) as well as a lossless JPEG scheme that is rarely seen outside of medical imaging (this is the original and rare Huffman lossless JPEG, not the more recent and efficient JPEG-LS algorithm)。. These codes are described in Part 5 of the DICOM standard。. A nice introduction to this the transfer syntax is provided at http://www。.barre。.nom。.fr/medical/samples/。.


Note that as well as reporting the compression technique (if any), the Transfer Syntax UID also reports the byte order for raw data. .Different computers store integer values differently, so called 'big endian' and 'little endian' ordering。. Consider a 16-bit integer with the value 257: the most significant byte stores the value 01 (= 255), while the least significant byte stores the value 02. .Some computers would save this value as 01:02, while others will store it as 02:01。. Therefore, for data with more than 8-bits per sample, a DICOM viewer may need to swap the byte-order of the data to match the ordering used by your computer. .


In addition to the Transfer Syntax UID, the image is also specified by the Samples Per Pixel (0028:0002), Photometric Interpretation (0028:0004), the Bits Allocated (0028:0100)。. For most MRI and CT images, the photometric interpretation is a continuous monochrome (e.. G.. Typically depicted with pixels in grayscale). .In DICOM, these monochrome images are given a photometric interpretation of 'MONOCHROME1' (low values=bright, high values=dim) or 'MONOCHROME2' (low values=dark, high values=bright)。. However, many ultrasound images and medical photographs include color, and these are described by different photometric interpretations (e.. G.. Palette, RGB, CMYK, YBR, etc). . Some colour images (e..g。. RGB) store 3-samples per pixel (one each for red, green and blue), while monochrome and paletted images typically store only one sample per image。. Each images store 8-bits (256 levels) or 16-bits per sample (65,535 levels), though some scanners save data in 12-bit or 32-bit resolution. .So a RGB image that stores 3 samples per pixel at 8-bits per can potentially describe 16 million colours (256 cubed)。.


Window center and window width (aka brightness and contrast). .


People familiar with the medical imaging typically talk about the 'window center' and the 'window width' of an image。. This is simply a way of describing the 'brightness' and 'contrast' of the image。. These values are particularly important for Xray / CT / PET scanners that tend to generate consistently calibrated intensities so you can use a specific C: W pair for every image you see (e.. G..400:2000 might be good for visualising bone, while 50:350 might be a better choice for soft tissue)。. Note that contrast in MRI scanners is relative, and so a C: W pair that works well for one protocol will probably be useless with a different protocol or on a different scanner. .The figure on the right illustrates the concept of changes to'window center' and 'window width'。. Along the top row you can see three views of the same image with different C:W settings。. The bottom row illustrates the colour mapping for each image (with the vertical axis of the graph showing rendered brightness and the horizontal axis showing the image intensity). .Consider this image with intensities ranging from 0 to 170。. A good starting estimate for this image might be a center of 85 (mean intensity) and width of 171 (range of values), as shown in the middle panel. .Reducing the width to 71 would increase the contrast (left panel)。. On the other hand, keeping a width of 171 but reducing the center to 40 would make the whole image appear brighter。.


Links to free DICOM viewers. .


My free ezDICOM software runs on Windows computers。. Availaible as a standalone Windows program or as an ActiveX component (allowing plug-and-play use with Delphi, VisualBasic, C #, VisualC, InternetExplorer and other ActiveX aware programs). .It is able to display most types of DICOM image (many other viewers are limited to showing uncompressed grayscale DICOM images) and can automatically detect and open Analyze, DICOM, Genesis, Interfile, Magnetom, Somatom and NEMA images . . EzDICOM is part of the Sourceforge community. .


MRIcro is my freeware for Windows and Linux。. MRIcro can view Analyze, DICOM, ECAT, Genesis, Interfile, Magnetom, Somatom and NEMA images and convert them to the popular Analyze format。. This program uses the same dicom. . Pas Pascal unit as ezDICOM, but includes a number of additional features. . It is more difficult to use than ezDICOM, but also more powerful. .


Julius is a free DICOM viewer/browser and volume renderer for Windows, Sun and Linux computers。.


Sante is a free DICOM viewer with anonymization features. .


FP Image is a free DICOM viewer/browser for Windows that can also anonymize images。.


Rubo Medical Imaging has a free demo of their Windows DICOM software, with some functions disabled. .


Inviweb has a free version of their Windows DICOM viewer。.


Able Software has a free version of their "3D-Doctor" Windows software, with some functions disabled. .


Comview's free ViewStarPC allows Windows users to view DICOM CDs。.


MillenTech distributes a fairly capable DICOM viewer for Windows. .


Sridhar Raja distributes a free ActiveX DICOM viewer, and his DICOM4india web site includes a lot of useful information about the DICOM format。.


ImageMagick is a freeware Windows, OS2, Linux and Unix program which supports DICOM as well as a broad range of other 2D image formats. .ImageMagick can batch convert DICOM images to popular graphics formats (JPEG, GIF, PNG, etc), as described in my FAQ。.


Irfanview is a popular free image viewer for Windows. . A plug-in is available for viewing 8-bit DICOM images. .This is a useful tool for batch converting DICOM images to JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIF or other common graphics formats, as described in my FAQ。.


NeuroModeller is PC freeware which can create volume rendering from DICOM files (currently beta release, appears to be unsupported). .


DICOM Works is a promising free PC DICOM viewer。.


MEDAL is a freeware Windows program which can view DICOM and Analyze files on the PC and generate surface reconstructions. .


UnLimiter distribute a free DICOM viewer for Windows。.


IDICON is a set of DOS and Unix tools for manipulating and converting DICOM and Interfile images. .


CarDiCon is a free cardiac DICOM viewer (STD-XABC-CD format)。. It reads DICOM CDs only。.


TomoVision is a free Windows viewer which can display DICOM, Papyrus, Siemens, Picker and GE files. .They also distribute the readOmatic for extracting data from medical image tapes and sliceOmatic for segmentation and reconstruction。.


Easymage is a free DICOM cardiac viewer for Windows. .


ACTIV 2000 is free software for Windows that can view and render medical images (DICOM, GE, Analyze, etc)。. In addition, it can analye fMRI data。. There is also a set of Diffusion and Perfusion tools。 .


maZda is a free tool from the Technical University of Lodz for creating and analysing regions of interest (ROIs). .This Windows software can view NEMA, Siemens Vision, Siemens Numaris, Bruker Aspect Picker and GE Advantage images。.


The University of Maryland Hospital distributes ImageNet, DICOM viewing freeware for Windows-based web browsers. .


The freeware Osiris program is available for the Macintosh, PC, and some Unix systems。.


XNView is available for Windows and Linux computers. .


Sébastien Barré's free Dicom2 software (Linux, Sun, Windows) can anonymize and convert DICOM images 。.


David Clunie's Dicom3Tools C toolkit supports a broad range of image formats. .


Onega Wand's DCMviewer is based on the dicomlib toolkit。.


George J. . Grevera's C code for DICOM. .


Eric Nolf's free Medcon and XMedcon image conversion packages (DOS, UNIX, Windows) can convert DICOM to the popular Analyze format。.


AMIDE is a free Linux program that can display, overlay and render DICOM, Analyze or ECAT format images. .


V is general purpose freeware for spectral reconstruction, processing and analysis。. It is supported on the Sun and SGI platforms。.


J-Mac systems have a DICOM plugin for netscape (only shows single-slice [single-frame] images). .


Dr Razz is a freeware DICOM viewer for the Macintosh [if the web site is down, you can visit the ftp site: ftp://ftp。.u。.washington。.edu/pub/user-supported/razz/]。.


Macintosh users can try Oracion, a freeware DICOM / Papyrus format viewer. .


Madena is an impressive looking free Macintosh DICOM viewer。.


iRad is an Objective C open source DICOM viewer for Macintosh OSX computers. .


MacAngioView is a free XA [lossless JPEG compressed] Dicom viewer for Power Macintosh。.


SimpleDICOM is a freeware Java-based DICOM viewer and receiver. .


The Nagoya Institute of Technology provide a Java DICOM applet that can read DICOM images using a http connection 。.


DICOMscope is a free Java DICOM viewer. .


The Java-based EViewBox is freeware (also see JDICOMviewer by the same author)。.


DICOManonymizer and DICOMdumper are Java programs that can view, save and anonymize the data elements and data set of DICOM images. . (Also: Italian versions of DICOM Anonymizer and DICOMdumper). .


MIPAV [Medical Image Processing, Analysis and Visualization] from the NIH is a powerful, promising and easy to use viewer。. This Java based application can run on many platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, etc). .


Imread is a freeware Java-based DICOM viewer。.


Jivex is a set of Java tools, with Jivex [dv] being the DICOM viewer. . The free version can not save images. .


ImageJ is a popular freeware Java-based DICOM viewer。. Free plugins allow ImageJ to support a broad range of image formats (e。.g。. Analyze) and image processing functions (including volume rendering)。 .


Links to DICOM servers and clients. .


PacsOne is a free Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS) for Windows。. It contains a DICOM server, a PACS server (using MySQL) and a web server (Apache)。.


K-PACS aims to deliver a DICOM viewer and storage system. . Modelled after the previously free E-Film. .


PACSview and ACRNview are free Windows programs。. Command line Unix programs are also available。.


The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology distributes their Central Test Node (CTN) software. . They also include documentation. .


Tiani distributes JDicom: a set of free Java tools that include some useful DICOM file sharing utilities。.


SimpleDICOM is a free DICOM client and viewer. .


MIND is a free DICOM query/move tool for Windows NT and most UNIX platforms。.


The Conquest DICOM server is an open source Windows NT/2000 project based on Mark Orskin's UCDMC code. .


DCMTK is a DICOM toolkit including DICOM SCP (Service Class Provider = server) and SCU (Service Class User = Client) programs。. Sebastian Meyer provides documentation for using DCMTK。. In addition, ImPact describe how to get the basic DCMTK storeSCP server running. .


Links to sample DICOM images。.


Sébastien Barré has a great archive of DICOM images. .


The team behind Osiris have a number of sample DICOM images available。.


Lead Teachnologies provides a series of DICOM images using different compression techniques. .


RuboMed distributes some complex DICOM images。.


Philips has an ftp site with several sample DICOM images. . [Alternate connection]. .


A number of GE DICOM images are distributed at UC Davis。.


Washington University School of Medicine distributes a large number of sample DICOM images from their ftp site. .


Links to many DICOM image datasets can be found at the Centre of Medical Imaging Research [CoMIR]。.


Links to DICOM resources. .


What Mom Forgot To Tell You About DICOM is a well written introduction to the complexities of the DICOM format。.


NEMA hosts the Official DICOM home page, which includes most of the DICOM specification documents in electronic (pdf) format. .


The official DICOM resources page is hosted by Merge Technologies。. They have a useful list of public domain DICOM implementations。.


Radiologist. . Com has an excellent set of DICOM related links. .


Bernd Binder's web page includes a collection of links and information about DICOM。.


Ed Somer's page gives a brief intro to the DICOM standard, with a number of useful links. .


David Clunie's Medical Image FAQ is a great source for information about both medical imaging formats and software。. Part 8 lists medical imaging software and images available on the web。.


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Download source and executable - 968 Kb 。.


Introduction. .


This article presents a minimum runnable toy application as a starting point to show how to convert a DICOM image to common graphic formats (i。.e。. BMP, JPG, TIF, etc。.) and vice versa。. Our sample application is based on two open source libraries, they are DCMTK and CxImage. .


Background。.


The DICOM standard (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is a standard created by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to ease the distribution and exchange of medical images, such as CT scans, MRIs and ultrasound。. In this article, we will focus on file format conversions。. The file format is described in Part 10 of the DICOM standard, which you can download from here[^]。. There is also a brief introduction to the file format available here. .


DCMTK is a widely used open source implementation of the DICOM standard; it is a collection of C/C++ libraries and applications with complete source code。. To compile the sample in this article you need to download DCMTK first. . If you have trouble building the downloaded DCMTK package, please refer to DCMTK for Dummies. .


Another library used in this article is CxImage, it is a C++ class that can load, save, display and transform images in a very simple and fast way。. It supports almost all the common graphic types, such as BMP, JPG, TIF, PNG, etc. .In this article, we will expand this library to support displaying and transforming DICOM images by using the DICOM format encoding/decoding features provided by DCMTK。. Download CxImage and follow its usage guidance to make sure it can be compiled successfully on your machine. .


Using the code。.


We simply derive our CxImageDCM class from the base class CxImage. . Doing so, enables CxImageDCM class to load and decode common graphics using the methods inherited from the base class. .There are three extra methods in the derived class, LoadDCM(…), SaveAsDCM(…), SaveAsJPG(…), they are used to decode, encode and convert a DICOM image, respectively。.//。.


class CxImageDCM: public CxImage. .


{。.


public:. .


CxImageDCM();。.


virtual ~ CxImageDCM ();. .


bool LoadDCM(const TCHAR* filename);。.


bool SaveAsDCM (const TCHAR * filename);. .


bool SaveAsJPG(const TCHAR* fileName);。.


};//。 .


Load DCM。.


In the sample application, a DICOM image is loaded and decoded with the classes provided by DCMTK, then it is converted to a temporary bitmap file for later manipulations: / /. .


bool CxImageDCM::LoadDCM(const TCHAR* filename)。.


(. .


DcmFileFormat *dfile = new DcmFileFormat();。.


OFCondition cond = dfile-> loadFile (filename, EXS_Unknown,..


EGL_withoutGL,DCM_MaxReadLength,OFFalse);。.


if (cond.. bad ()) (. .


AfxMessageBox(cond。.text());。.


). .


E_TransferSyntax xfer = 。.


dfile-> getDataset () -> getOriginalXfer ();. .


DicomImage *di = new DicomImage(dfile, xfer, 。.


CIF_AcrNemaCompatibility, 0, 1);. .


if (di->getStatus() != EIS_Normal)。.


AfxMessageBox (DicomImage:: getString (di-> getStatus ()));。 .


di->writeBMP("c:\\from_dicom。.bmp",24);。.


return CxImage:: Load ("c: \ \ from_dicom.. bmp", CXIMAGE_FORMAT_BMP);. .


}//。.


Converting from DCM. .


After loading a DCM file, you can save it as a common graphic file using the encoding features provided by CxImage, or you may also use DCMTK’s encoding plugins to do the conversion (however, CxImage supports more formats):// . .


bool CxImageDCM::SaveAsJPG(const TCHAR* fileName)。.


(/ / You may also use DCMTK's JPG encoding plug-in. .


return CxImage::Save(fileName,CXIMAGE_FORMAT_JPG);。.


) / /. .


Converting to DCM。.


To convert a common graphic file to a DCM file, you need to load the common graphic first, then set the necessary tag and copy the pixel data to the destination DCM file: / /. .


bool CxImageDCM::SaveAsDCM(const TCHAR* filename)。.


(. .


CxImageDCM::IncreaseBpp(24);。.


char uid [100];. .


DcmFileFormat fileformat; 。.


DcmDataset * dataset = fileformat. . GetDataset ();. .


dataset->putAndInsertString(DCM_SOPClassUID, 。.


UID_SecondaryCaptureImageStorage);. .


/* 。. */。.


/ / Dataset-> putAndInsertUint32 (DCM_MetaElementGroupLength, 128);. .


dataset->putAndInsertUint16(DCM_FileMetaInformationVersion,。.


0x0001);. .


/* 。. */ 。.


dataset-> putAndInsertString (DCM_UID,..


UID_MultiframeTrueColorSecondaryCaptureImageStorage);。.


dataset-> putAndInsertString (DCM_PhotometricInterpretation,..


"RGB"); 。.


/ / Add more tags here. .


/* 。. */ 。.


BYTE * pData = new BYTE [GetHeight () * info. . DwEffWidth];. .


BYTE* pSrc=GetBits(head。.biHeight-1);。.


BYTE * pDst = pData;. .


for(long y=0; y < head。.biHeight; y++){。.


memcpy (pDst, pSrc, info.. dwEffWidth);. .


pSrc-=info。.dwEffWidth;。.


pDst + = info. . DwEffWidth;. .


}。.


dataset-> putAndInsertUint8Array (DCM_PixelData,..


pData, GetHeight()*info。.dwEffWidth); 。.


delete [] pData;. .


OFCondition status = fileformat。.saveFile(filename, 。.


EXS_LittleEndianImplicit,. .


EET_UndefinedLength,EGL_withoutGL); 。.


if (status.. bad ()). .


AfxMessageBox("Error: cannot write DICOM file ");。.


return true;. .


}//。.


Points of interest. .


In this article, the encoding feature provided by CxImage is used to convert a DICOM image to a JPG file (or other formats that CxImage supports)。. Actually, DCMTK already has a full-fledged utility called dcmj2pnm to convert a DICOM image to a BMP, PNG, TIF or JPG image. .For other formats, that dcmj2pnm doesn’t support, such as GIF, TGA, PCX, WBMP, etc。., you may use CxImage’s encoding features to write your own converting functions。. One thing that I need to clarify here is that our sample application is only a toy utility to give you a starting point. .To write a decent DICOM image converter, you need to consider many more DICOM related options。. For more information, you can refer to the implementation of dcmj2pnm。. (It is included in the DCMTK source code package..). .


From my experience, CxImage is easy to use; it "can load, save, display and transform images in a simple and fast way"。. However, I find it annoying when you have to derive a new image encoder / decoder from the base class, CxImage. . The base class must know all the derived classes to give a polymorphic behavior. .Fortunately, in our sample, the derived class CxImageDCM needs only the encoding/decoding functions it inherits from the base class, so I didn’t bother to touch the source code of CxImage。.


References. .


DCMTK online documentation 。.


DCMTK forum. .


CxImage on CodeProject 。.


lxwde. .


Click here to view lxwde's online profile。.


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A set of classes for doing stunning visual effects, including water, plasma and fire. .


CxImage。.


CxImage is a C + + class to load, save, display, transform BMP, JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF, MNG, ICO, PCX, TGA, WMF, WBMP, JBG, J2K images. .


Add fast user-extensible image processing support to CBitmap。.


Provides built-in graying, rotating, shearing, resizing, blurring, sharpening, flipping, negating and color replacement to CBitmap as well as support for user-defined processing plug-ins # include "diregist。.h" /* required to support color images */ 。.


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delete image; http://dicom. . Offis. .de / dcmtk. .


http://www。.pacser。.cn。.


http://www. . Cnpacs. . Org. .


Medical image DICOM format conversion software design and implementation.


Beijing Biomedical Engineering 2000 Vol.19 No. 4 on the. .


Author: Hu Yang Qiugao Xiaorong high on Kay.


Unit: Institute of Biomedical Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. .


Keywords: DICOM PACS;; medical images.


Abstract PACS (picture archiving and communications system) should follow the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication) standard. Currently there is a large number of non-DICOM-compliance of the imaging equipment, to Shi these devices can be used in PACS, we use for Duixiang designed and implemented a Juyoulianghao scalability of Ge Shi-change kit to DICOM format and Ge Zhong Jin Xing conversion between common image format, and has video input and scanner input interface. The toolkit provides a set of DICOM API, available for Windows platform, a variety of programming environments. .


The Design and Implementation of DICOM Medical Image Format Conversion Tool-kit。.


Hu Yangqiu, Gao Xiaorong, Gao Shangkai. .


(Dept。. of Electrical Engineering and Applied Electronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084)。.


Abstract DICOM is the standard of PACS. . However, there still exist many medical imaging equipment which do not conform to DICOM. .To connect these equipment to DICOM-based PACS, we designed and implemented a tool-kit for conversion of image formats between DICOM and non-DICOM medical equipment。. Like the DICOM standard itself, Object-Oriented Method is used in our software to achieve features including explicity, modularity and portability. .Based on several Core Classes, the tool-kit is written with Visual C+　+ for Windows Platforms, and provides a set of APIs in Dynamic Link Library(DLL), which can be easily used by most Windows Applications . . These Core Classes deal with such processes as image data encapsulation and compression, hiding users from the complexity of DICOM. .With Object-Oriented Method, existing modules can be modified and new modules can be added without affecting other parts。. The software also has interfaces for standard video or scanner output。. At present, our DICOM format conversion tool-kit is being put into clinical use. .


Key words:PACS， DICOM， Medical image。.


0 Overview. .


Picture archiving and communication system (picture archiving and communication system, hereinafter referred to as PACS) in recent years as digital imaging technology, computer technology and communication technology progress has been rapid development. PACS for medical image acquisition, storage, communication, management and display, process, its tendency to reduce until completely replace the film. Digital Imaging and Communications (digital imaging and communication in medicine, referred to as DICOM) standard medical imaging devices designed to promote interoperability, it provides a medical information for open data exchange standards, so different vendors production equipment formed a unified picture archiving and communications possible. Currently, the latest production of CT, MRI, B Super, X-ray machines are generally following the DICOM 3. .0 Standard, DICOM standard has become the construction of PACS. .


Figure 1 DICOM format conversion function.


Must adhere to international standards. .


DICOM standard is a standard image formats, but also images, it is suitable for point-to-point environment and network environment. In line with the DICOM standard equipment to operate as separate nodes into the PACS network, and other nodes that meet the DICOM standard for information exchange. However, in China, due to historical reasons, the hospital was truly meet the DICOM 3. .0 standard imaging equipment accounted for only a portion of all imaging devices (although this proportion is increasing). A lot of old-fashioned photographic equipment can only output film, or just ordinary video output, or use a dedicated image format . Therefore, it is in the building when the PACS must take this into account. To making the existing of a large number of non-DICOM-PACS imaging equipment into the network, we design and implement a common DICOM format conversion kit. Our software is designed to highlight the object-oriented approach to maximize design ideas with the DICOM standard is consistent. This software has the following main functions (Figure 1):. .


(1) DICOM format and common image formats (e.g. BMP, TIFF, GIF, JPEG and AVI etc) to convert between;.


(2) directly from the standard video input for the coexistence of the DICOM format for image data;. .


(3) to get an image directly from a scanner is DICOM format.


The first of these features make it non-DICOM applications to read, display, processing DICOM images, the second feature makes DICOM interfaces that do not have the old video equipment can be connected to the PACS network, the third feature film by the existing Scan directly into the PACS. .


The second part of this article will introduce the DICOM standard and object-oriented features, the third section describes the format conversion software design and implementation, and finally the full text of summing up.


1 DICOM Standards and object-oriented approach. .


The predecessor of the DICOM standard ACR-NEMA (american college of radiology-national equipment manufacturer association) standards as early as 1985 occurs through continuous development and improvement, to the early 1990s was renamed the DICOM standard and the version number is 3. .0. From the ACR-NEMA DICOM standard to the emergence of the formal introduction of the standard, DICOM Working Group (and its predecessor, ACR-NEMA Committee) from a number of other international organizations (such as IEEE, HL7 and ANSI, etc.) draw a lot of useful experience, and be a major international manufacturer of medical imaging equipment cooperation and assistance. .


DICOM standard and the standard maximum ACR-NEMA difference lies in the establishment of a standard model. ACR-NEMA standard first two version built on the implicit radiology information model, based on the data element is based on the experience of the standard setters. By contrast, the DICOM standard based on a set of explicit entity-relationship model (model, hereinafter referred to as Entity-Relationship-r model), these models describe things in detail (including patients, images and records, etc.) in the Department of internal operations and relationships. Use these models to help manufacturers and users to understand the DICOM standard in the data structure, Yin Wei they clearly demonstrate the practical application of the required data elements, and between these elements 关系. .


Object-oriented approach is a common approach to system design, to follow several principles: data abstraction, the data package, modular and hierarchical. Use object-oriented approach to software design help to enhance software module for reusability and improve the system for the design of adaptive capacity, and the structure clear and easy to understand. DICOM standard entity-relationship model and object-oriented approach to together. The DICOM standard, an object is determined by the model definition of the entity (or entities), attribute describes the properties of an object. These objects are called information objects, while the model and attribute list (attribute set) is called Information Object Definition (IODs). Model is an abstract entity, in its properties with specific values, the instance of the entity becomes a (Instance). .


Object-oriented approach not only describes the information itself, and describes the handling of such information. DICOM standard will some action (such as "save images") are defined as services, these services are provided by different DICOM message service element (DIMSE). Information objects and a combination of specific services constitute services-object pairs (SOP). The same message object with multiple services, formed a SOP class. SOP class is the basic functionality of the DICOM standard, by the participating parties: service class provider (SCP) and users of the service class (SCU).


Through the DICOM standard design models and design analysis can be seen, relations - solid model and object-oriented approach is its prominent feature. For example, DICOM standard data elements on the abstract definition of groups in favor of modular software design. These features in the design of our DICOM format conversion software should be noted. .


2 DICOM format conversion software design and implementation.


2. .1 DICOM data format. .


The DataSet (Data Set) and on the operation of this DataSet (i.e. command) the message (Message), messages are exchanged between imaging devices. Message of the constituent units is a data element (Data Element), in accordance with the logic into different groups, by the corresponding group number identification. The same group of different elements have different element number, group number and elemental number.


Table 1 DICOM data elements (no VR). .


Group number.


Element number. .


Length.


Value. .


0010.


0010. .


000E0000 。.


(12 bytes). .


4A6F 686E 736F 6E5D 。.


526F 6265 7274. .


(Johnson^Robert)。.


Data elements constitute the symbol (Tag). Tag is the type of back that (value representation, referred to as VR), which is an optional field, it appears the decision by the transfer syntax. Followed by the length and value data elements. For example, the patient's name was said to Table 1 (hexadecimal number). .


Concerning the DICOM format there are already many articles, here. However, we write DICOM format conversion software have the following problems:.


(1) byte order (byte ordering). .


Byte order also transfer syntax. Different computer systems have the following two-byte sequence:.


① Little Endian: low-address low byte order. .


② B I t Endian: low-bit address high byte order.


DICOM format conversion software, input / output stream modules should be able to correctly byte swap. .


(2) nested datasets (nested data set).


Nested data set the value of data elements in turn, zero or more data elements formed. This data set known as the entry (item), often used to repeat a simple data set, or a complex IOD of the folder. Entry of VR (type indicated) for the SQ (sequence of items). If the entry of data elements of VR is SQ, constitutes a recursive nesting. .


Because the nested data, format conversion software, you should use a tree structure of the data type to store the data element recursively nested, and the program should have a recursive traversal functions.


(3) compressed image data (encapsulated pixel data). .


Image data can be compressed (native format), or it can be compressed (encapsulated format). Image encoding is provided by the transfer syntax. DICOM currently supports two types of compression:.


① JPEG compression, including those based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) lossy (lossy) compression and differential pulse code modulation-based non-destructive (lossless) compression. JPEG compressed image of the transfer syntax UID is 1. .2. .840. .10008. .1. .2. .4 Began. .


② run-length encoding (RLE lossless), transfer syntax UID to 1.2.2. .840. .1 .2 .10008... .5.


(4) a light that (photometric interpretation). .


Luminosity that provides image display characteristics, common values are:.


① MONOCHROME1: gray-scale images, the minimum value is displayed as white pixels;. .


② M O N O C H R O M E 2: a grayscale image, pixel is the smallest value is displayed as black.


③ RGB: RGB color image;. .


④ V H S: HSV color images;.


⑤ PALLETE COLOR: Use palette color images. .


In addition to ARGB, CMYK, YBR-FULL, etc. Format conversion software in the output image data must be adjusted in accordance with the Spectrophotometric said.


2. .2 Software structure. .


Windows (95/98/NT) operating system is currently the most widely used platform, we design software also positioned on the system. We use the Visual c++ development environment, because it supports object-oriented programming. The entire design of the core is a set of DICOM data encoding and decoding of a set of c++ classes that they have completed the main work. In order to further facilitate the use of these core classes will be packaged in a set of application programming interfaces (Application Programming Inter-face, referred to as API) within the final DICOM API dynamic link library (DLL) in the form of, for Windows platform a variety of development systems.Join the DICOM API this middle-tier to a large extent simplifies access to the DICOM data, because the application developers need to understand the details of the DICOM standard, and can focus on a higher level of design. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure module software.


Figure 2 Software Architecture module. .


2. .3 software implementation.


2. .3. .1 Core classes according to DICOM data elements encoding / decoding process, design the following C + + class to complete the data elements from the DICOM to the input / output stream conversion (Figure 3). .


Figure 3 DICOM format conversion of core classes.


One Ccodec class provides a scalable compression / decompression module interface, making the new compression algorithm can be easily added without having to make changes on the rest. .


2. .2 .3. API API is by calling the core classes and therefore offers flexibility to according to specific needs. Here, in the form of standard Windows DLL in order to facilitate the development of various programming languages to call.


2. .3. .3 Video capture video capture device, as most are in line with Video for Windows (VFW) standard, so here are the video capture through VFW interface. First video (single frame, multiple frames and continuous) images saved as AVI, then AVI files through the core classes will be converted into DICOM format. .


2. .3 .4 scanned images by. TWAIN API gets scanned images, and then convert the DICOM format.


3 Conclusion. .


This article provides for the DICOM format conversion software in the design and implementation using OOP and programming languages, and DICOM standard object-oriented features, increase the software structure of clarity, flexibility, and reusable software modules; API by adding DICOM this intermediate layer, provide a simple programming interface. Respectively in Visual c++, Visual Basic, Power Builder, a development environment called API, write DICOM applications can run efficiently.


We are two aspects to the package of test: from the DICOM image format to a common image format conversion and conversion in the opposite direction.We have a large number of downloads from the Internet and the world's major medical imaging equipment manufacturers (including GE, Picker, ATL, Philips, Siemens, Toshiba, etc.), imaging mode DICOM images include CT, MRI, CR, XA, NM and ultrasound, etc., the image size from tens to tens of kB, MB JPEG compression methods include and RLE, photometric implies MONOCHROME1, MONOCHROME2, RGB and COLOR PALLETE, transfer syntax includes the Implicit Explicit VR and VR . Experimental results show that the software can successfully open all of these images and the results saved in common image formats, DICOM share some common software (such as CTN, OSIRIS, DICOM2, DICOM3 and HIPAX, etc.) are often unable to recognize certain types of images. Instead, use this software reverse conversion (from the common format to DICOM format conversion) functions are consistent with DICOM standard image, the sharing software can be read correctly. .


At present, the DICOM format conversion toolkit officially entered the trial stage. We make use of DICOM API programs integrated into patient-centered multimedia database, the system will be put into clinical trials. In this system, through HIS/RIS Gets the patient's general information, and non-DICOM-format images (video capture or scanner input) into DICOM-format images. The DICOM file of patient ID and HIS/RIS patient ID in, contribute to the future of the system's integration.


About the author: Hu Yang Qiu (1974 -), male, graduate. .


Reference literature.


[1] NEMA, Digital imaging and communication in medical (DICOM), draft standard, 1998, from ftp: ∥ ftp. . Nema. .org / medical / dicom /. .


［2］　Horri S C, et al。. DICOM:An introduction to the standard, from http:∥www。.xray。.psu。.edu。.cn。.


[3] Bas Revet. . DICOM Cook Book-for Implementations in Modalities, chapter 1 and 2, Philips Medical Systems Nederland, 1997. .


[4] Kruglinski J D, Mr Aimin, etc.. Visual C ++ technology Insider (Fourth Edition), Tsinghua University Press, 1999... ".